Vegetarian/Vegan Documented Argument

No Dessert until You Finish Your Vegetables A veggie lover way of life has been lived by a little part of society for a considerable length of time for a wide range of reasons. Most meat eaters don't concur with the perspectives or way of life decisions or vegans. Lately, in any case, the act of denying of meat utilization has taken on new life primarily as a result of unquestionable new confirmation of its medical advantages and a changing social view that is step by step growing to incorporate the privileges of creatures. Regardless of its fast development, the veggie lover belief system stays a generally dubious subject for some Americans.Its abrupt ubiquity in the peculator leaves numerous devoted meat-eaters scrutinizing the legitimacy of Its advantages and attempting to safeguard their lifestyle which has been around since cave dwellers. While meat utilization in America is rising, vegetarianism is thriving its very own astonishing notoriety. A survey as of late directed by Tim e Magazine evaluates that ten million Americans believe themselves to be veggie lovers, and an extra twenty million state that they have â€Å"flirted† with vegetarianism at some point previously (Corrals).A separate review found that schools and colleges are Increasingly offering meatless dinners to their understudies trying to stay aware of the expanding request among youthful vegans. Truth be told, in an ongoing review of twelve to multi year olds, 20% of the considerable number of respondents and 28 percent of the female respondents depicted vegetarianism as â€Å"in† (Irvine). While numerous pundits excuse this gratefulness for the possibility of a plant-based eating routine as a fleeting social pattern, that is not really the case.Eating meat is a training that causes various wellbeing dangers and negatively affects the earth, all to the detriment of the enduring of Innocent animals. Society overall would be better off In making a progress to a more beneficial, l ess fierce veggie lover way of life. Such a change would leave the world a superior spot, profiting our earth and our wellbeing just as expanding our attention to our general surroundings. One of the most significant explanations behind our general public to acknowledge vegetarianism is the harm that meat creation causes to the environment.While most Americans don't understand It, eating and delivering meat moves an inefficient abuse of the world's important assets, leaving an UN-involve the earth, multiple times the quantity of individuals (Motivational). In the U. S. Alone animals dwarf individuals twenty-five to one. The measure of room required to raise every one of these creatures is enormous (Corrals). In South America, around seventy thousand sections of land of rainforest's are obliterated each day to make land for dairy cattle to munch (Hurley 40), and the utilization of the land Is wasteful to such an extent that It Is assessed that a solitary vegan will spare a section of land of trees each year.The huge number of creatures reared for food go to the washroom at a pace of 87,000 pounds for each second, or around 20 tons of excrement for every year for each U. S. Family unit, which is all in the end steered to waterways ND streams. The issue is awful to such an extent that the Environmental Protection Agency has expressed that creature dung â€Å"pollutes American conduits more than all other mechanical sources combined† (Motivational). Present day cultivating techniques likewise expend water and petroleum derivatives at a disturbing rate. It requires just 2,000 liters of water to deliver an in hamburger (Corrals).The measure of waste is upsetting. In his book The Food Revolution, John Robbins states â€Å"you'd spare more water by not eating one pound of California hamburger than you would by not showering for a whole year† (Metallic). The creation f meat additionally requires enormous measures of non-renewable energy source, devouring around multiple times what it would take to deliver a tantamount measure of plant protein and around multiple times the fuel required to create an equivalent measure of grain (Hurley). Amusingly, the vegetable business additionally squanders monstrous measures of food.The measure of grain devoured by America's animals, around multiple times the grain devoured by people in the U. S. , could take care of 800 million individuals (Corrals). Jean Mayer, a nutritionist at Harvard, appraises that a decrease in meat utilization by the American individuals by Just ten later would deliver enough grain to take care of 60 million individuals (Metallic), and previous Environmental Minister of India Manage Gandhi is cited as saying, â€Å"Were all of [the grain took care of to livestock] expended legitimately by people, it would feed five fold the number of individuals as it does in the wake of being changed over into meat, milk and eggs† (Hurley 40).The issue is exacerbated by the way tha t meat creation is such a wasteful utilization of land, while a ten-section of land homestead could bolster 60 individuals developing soybeans or 24 individuals developing wheat, a similar ten sections of land could bolster just two individuals raising dairy cattle (Metallic). The body of evidence against eating meat is additionally reinforced by the excess of logical proof behind the medical advantages of a vegan way of life. The reason that vegan counts calories are healthfully missing is a typical misguided judgment; in any case, the logical proof backings an end to the contrary.The USDA and nourishment specialists the same have lauded vegetarianism for its medical advantages (Hurley 39); truth be told, research has demonstrated that for some individuals the medical advantages of a veggie lover diet may surpass that of the individuals who eat meat. The most clear purpose behind this is the potential that meat conveys for defilement. 60% of market chickens are tainted with salmone lla, and in 1997 alone 25 million pounds of cheeseburger were sullied with the E. Coli infection (Metallic). For the most part, in any case, vegan slims down are supported for significantly more positive reasons.Studies have demonstrated that the without meat way of life is helpful for decreasing the danger of incessant illnesses, for example, coronary corridor sickness, diabetes, and a few types of disease (Corrals). Particularly huge in the present society because of the developing issue, is the eating regimen's potential for bringing down the hazard for weight. As per the U. S. Government, 23% of Americans were hefty as of the year 2000 (â€Å"Overweight Prevalence†). Plant-based eating regimens have additionally been appeared to help in diabetics' kidney and nerve functions.In option, they might be a factor in the more drawn out life expectancies clear in industrialized countries and, as indicated by the International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition at Loam Linda Univers ity, can â€Å"slow, and maybe even opposite, age-related decreases in cerebrum work and in intellectual and engine performance† (Corrals). On the other hand, an enormous report has discovered that eats less carbs high in creature protein and ailing in Lana nourishments really expanded the hazard for coronary illness and disease (â€Å"Meat-Free†). Dry. Caldwell Uselessly Jar. F the Cleveland Clinic affirms that our common American eating regimen, portrayed by its accentuation on creature items, is the reason for 75% of the illnesses in our nation (Hurley 39). There have additionally been a few discoveries around there quite compelling to ladies. Studies have demonstrated that soy nourishments, the most and decrease the hot flashes she encounters during menopause (â€Å"Meat-Free†). Moreover, an investigation as of late distributed in Contemporary BOB/GUN keeps up that a low-at veggie lover diet can help in the alleviation of indications of premenstrual disorder , for example, â€Å"pain force, social issues and water retention† (Correct).Cardiovascular ailment, which murders a greater number of ladies than some other infection, can likewise be influenced by a vegan diet, as the eating routine â€Å"leads to striking reductions† in cholesterol (Shadow's). The basic legend that veggie lover abstains from food are healthfully deficient is generally false. Indeed, even the American Dietetic Association supports vegetarianism: â€Å"A very much arranged veggie lover eating style can be fortifying, healthfully stable, and valuable for the counteraction of specific maladies. One of the predominant misguided judgments is that the eating routine doesn't take into consideration all the important protein.The truth, in any case, is actually the inverse; a few vegetables †and soy items specifically †give the entirety of the protein that the body needs (â€Å"Meat-Free†). Conversely, the normal omnivore really expends a m easure of protein that significantly surpasses what is solid (Hurley 40). Another worry is the absence of calcium in the eating routine, yet this likewise demonstrates unwarranted. Truth be told, research has indicated that while most American youngsters get a long way from enough calcium, veggie lover teenagers who remember eggs and milk for their eating routine really expend a more than satisfactory measure of the supplement (Corrals).Perhaps the most significant contention for vegetarianism is the act of delivering and eating meat. The way toward giving life for the sole motivation behind removing it is amazingly faulty from a moral perspective. Creator Michael Pollen composed, â€Å"More than some other organization, the American mechanical animal ranch offers a nightmarish look at what free enterprise can resemble without good or administrative requirement. † This is especially evident on account of Cafes, Confined Animal Feeding Operations, once in a while likewise call ed plant farms.Conditions on these homesteads are horrendous to the point that Pollen composes, â€Å"To visit an advanced CAFE†¦ Is to enter a world that, for all its mechanical complexity, is as yet planned by Cartesian standards: animals are machines unequipped for feeling torment. Since no reasoning individual can accept this any increasingly, modern creature agribusiness relies upon an acceptance of difficult ideas mistrust with respect to the individuals who work it and a readiness to turn away your eyes with respect to every other person. Male chickens conceived on a CAFE will be tossed into junk packs and left beyond words they are of no incentive to a rancher Motivational). Those females sufficiently unfortunate to endure are pressed six at once into a case no more extensive than a bit of paper. The pressure before long overpowers them, and most rub against the enclosures until they m

A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning

Bacillus cereus is a vigorous and facultative anaerobic, gram-positive microscopic organisms causing poison interceded food contamination. Ideal temperature for its development is 30-37Â °C. In any case, it can likewise endure a wide scope of temperature; a few strains can grow up to 55Â °C while others can develop at temperatures as low as 4 to 5Â °C (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Numerous strains from dairy items can flourish at lower temperatures. The base pH necessity for development is 4. 3, while greatest pH is around 9. 3.This bacterial populace develops best within the sight of oxygen (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). All things considered, since this species is facultative anaerobic it additionally develops well in anaerobic conditions (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Poison creation has been seen as much lower under anaerobic conditions. Bacillus cereus is a spore-framing smaller scale life form which happens normally in many nourishments. It cause s two unique and unmistakable types of food contamination: an emetic ailment and a diarrhoeal sickness (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004).Bacillus cereus causes food-borne emetic ailment by creating an exceptionally steady poison that endures high temperatures and presentation to trypsin, pepsin and pH boundaries. Bacillus cereus levels in nourishments related with emetic type of food contamination have run from 1,000 to 50 billion settlement shaping units (cfu)/gram (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). High quantities of bacterial populace have been additionally distinguished in fecal examples from influenced people. Diarrhoeal ailment is intervened by a warmth and corrosive labile enterotoxin delivered during development of vegetative cells in the small digestive system (Granum, 1994).Four various enterotoxins have been portrayed. Two are protein edifices, for example, non-haemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and haemolysin BL (HBL) and two are enterotoxic proteins, for examp le, enterotoxin T (bc-D-ENT) and cytotoxin K (Lund, DeBuyser and Granum, 2000). The event of the diarrhoeal-type condition has been to a great extent detailed in the US and Europe, where the malady has been enormously connected with nourishments, for example, meat, vegetable, poultry, sweets and sauces (Giannella and Brasile, 1979).Prevalence of the regurgitating type disorder has been accounted for in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA, food borne harming is regularly connected with the utilization of cooked singed rice (Mortimer and McCann, 1974). Serotyping considers led by Taylor and Gilbert (1975) indicated that strains from episodes of food contamination in US and Europe described by a more extended brooding period and with the runs as the fundamental manifestation have given serotypes 2, 6, 8, 9 and 10, though those which caused the rice-related emetic disease in United Kingdom, Canada and USA were serotypes 1, 3 or 5.Bacillus cereus food contamination is generally connected with rice dishes, and irregularly with other food stuffs, for example, meat, vegetable, pasta, dairy items, sauces, soups and sweet baked goods. Bacillus cereus food-borne harming is likewise connected with pudding, cream, flavors, dry milk, dry potatoes and spaghetti sauces. Bacterial pollution of the food item by the huge happens before cooking. Considerably in the wake of cooking the microbial populace flourishes in light of the fact that vegetative structures can develop over a wide scope of temperatures from 25Â °C to 42Â °C and are likewise fit for delivering endotoxins.Endospores can endure incredibly high and low temperatures. At the point when they are permitted to cool reasonably step by step, they by and by start to sprout and increase. Spores are exceptionally impervious to dry warmth than damp warmth. Emetic poisons are likewise amazingly impervious to warm. They can endure 90 min at 126Â °C, while diarrhoeal poisons are inactivated at 56Â °C in 5 min. Clinical Desc ription Bacillus cereus is broadly known as the etiological specialist of food-borne harming, causing both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases.Both the runs and emesis can be obviously recognized by their clinical highlights. Looseness of the bowels is incited by heat-labile enterotoxins, while emesis is brought about by a warmth stable depsipeptide poison called cereulide (Ehling, Fricker and Scherer, 2004). The clinical disorder related with the diarrhoeal type of sickness are longer brooding around 6 to 24 hours time frame, exceptionally watery loose bowels (like that of C. perfringens), nearness of moderate to serious stomach spasms, queasiness and spewing in certain patients, length of disease ranges from at least 20 hours to a limit of 36 hours.Clinical highlights related with the emetic type of ailment are shorter hatching time of around 1 to 6 hours, nearness of regurgitating and stomach cramps; the runs isn't extreme and is available in just about 33% of infl uenced people (like harming by S. aureus), span of infection ranges from 8 to 10 hours. In the two kinds of conditions, fever is uncommon and ailment is normally submissive. Bacillus cereus additionally can cause different illnesses, for example, neighborhood skin and wound contaminations, visual diseases, fulminant liver failure.Invasive sickness, including bacteraemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, mind canker, and meningitis are likewise brought about by Bacillus cereus. Visual contribution incorporates panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, and keratitis (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Separated, it can achieve different contaminations specifically, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, notwithstanding mind and liver abscesses (Drobniewski, 1993). It is an uncommon reason for endocarditis (Fowler et al. 2005) announced in patients with prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic coronary illness, intravenous medication use (IVDU), and in quiet with leukaemia.Food Poisoning by different Bacillus species Toxic food contamination isn't just brought about by Bacillus cereus, a few different Bacillus animal groups have likewise been involved in food contamination episodes. The most significant species are B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. These creatures are equipped for delivering an incredibly heat-stable poison which appears to be fundamentally the same as the emetic type delivered by B. cereus (Kramer and Gilbert, 1989). These species are broadly connected with food items like meat, vegetable, flour, baked good, hotdog moves, meat pies and cakes, curries and different ethnic dishes with rice, and stuffed poultry.Bacillus subtilis is related for the most part with meat, vegetables in cake, poultry items, and once in a while with pastry kitchen things, for example, bread, crumpets, sandwiches, and ethnic meat or fish dishes. Food contamination condition related with B. subtilis causes intense beginning sickness, heaving and stomach cramps, hatching rang e is 2-5 hours, regularly with looseness of the bowels. Harming because of B. licheniformis shows the accompanying side effects; looseness of the bowels is more typical than heaving, brooding period is around 8 hours. Another species which was disconnected in high numbers from rice related with a food contamination episode was B.pumilus. Side effects were steady with those comparative for food contamination by different Bacillus species than B. cereus. C. perfringens food contamination delivers a warmth labile poison which caused dominatingly lower gastrointestinal (diarrheal) malady around 12 hours after ingestion much like the diarrheal sort condition brought about by B. cereus. Contextual investigations In August 2003, five offspring of a Belgian family got wiped out in the wake of eating pasta serving of mixed greens. The pasta serving of mixed greens arranged on a Friday was taken to cookout on Saturday. The extras had been put away in the refrigerator.The following Monday even ing the pasta was served for dinner to the kids. Since the pasta had a bizarre smell three kids (matured 14, 10 and 9) didn't eat a lot, they ate next to no amounts. Following 6 hours the most youthful youngster (matured 7) began retching and grumbled of respiratory trouble. She was quickly raced to the emergency clinic. Upon landing in the emergency clinic the other 3 kids additionally felt sick and began retching. The state of the considerable number of kids started to compound; consequently they were moved to the University Hospital in Leuven.However, during move, the youngster (matured 7) had extreme pneumonic discharge, immediately followed by unconsciousness, diffuse dying, and serious muscle cramps. She passed on inside 20 minutes, at 13 hours after the admission of pasta. Post-mortem examination report uncovered the nearness of Bacillus cereus in her gut content. The other 3 kids were held under treatment for 8 days and they bit by bit recuperated (Dierick et al. 2005). This case explained the plausible seriousness of the emetic ailment, likewise worrying on the significance of adequate refrigeration of prepared food. Some B.cereus strains are known to be sychrotrophic and these strains have the most extreme emetic poison creation somewhere in the range of 12 and 15Â °C. In the current case, the temperature of the cooler where the pasta plate of mixed greens was put away was 14Â °C. This presumably permitted B. cereus strains to increase rapidly to achieve a tally of more than 108 CFU/g in 3 days alongside an extremely high poison creation (Dierick et al. 2005). Food borne harming was accounted for in a military camp in Jurong, Singapore. This food contamination episode included 19 armed force work force who got unwell after breakfast.All these military faculty had been served seared rice by a food slow down in a regular citizen bottle. The disease was described by retching (89. 5%), stomach cramps (52. 6%), loose bowels (47. 4%), migraine (47. 4%) a nd fever (10. 5%) (Tay, Goh and Tan, 1982). The hatching time reached out from 13/4 hours to 51/2 hours. Bacillus cereus was identified in the vomitus of the influenced warriors (Tay, Goh and Tan, 1982). This clarifies Bacillus cereus is a causative specialist for the food borne harming bringing about emetic and diarrhoeal ailment. This species taints food items, particularly cooked rice and refrigerated products.It is along these lines basic to follow appropriate cooking and refrigeration techniques. Appropriate cooking and capacity of nourishments, particularly rice cooked for sometime in the future, will encourage to obstruct food borne plagues. Generally B. cereus food borne flare-up is a result of eating cook

Tips to Improve Your Public Speaking Skills

Tips to Improve Your Public Speaking Skills Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print How to Improve Your Public Speaking Skills By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on January 02, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Public speaking is a skill that can be learned. Getty / Klaus Vedfelt Public speaking skills are valuable both in your personal life and in your career. Even if you dont regularly engage in public speaking, developing skills in this area will increase your confidence and reduce anxiety about situations in which you may be called upon to speak in public. Even those who live with social anxiety disorder (SAD) can become confident speakers, with skill development and treatment for anxiety (such as medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy). Below are some key skills held by good public speakers. Once your social anxiety is manageable, work on developing these skills to improve your ability as a presenter. 1. Stage Presence Good public speakers appear ConfidentFriendlyEnthusiasticEnergetic   Confidence comes from choosing a topic you like and researching it well. Friendliness can be conveyed simply by smiling at your audience. Enthusiasm and energy will naturally follow when you enjoy your topic and are well prepared. If you feel that your stage presence is lacking, view clips of speakers whom you admire. Aim to imitate their style. Then, fake it until you make it. In other words, act confident until you feel confident. 2. Voice Control Your voice is the most important tool you will use as a public speaker. Improve the quality of your voice through  diaphragmatic breathing; breathing from your diaphragm instead of your chest. This is how professional singers breathe. It is what helps to make their voices sound fabulous and enables them to hold notes long after most people would be out of breath. Doing so also reduces feelings of breathlessness caused by speech anxiety. This type of breathing will allow you to better control the following aspects of your voice: Tone (quality)Pitch (high or low)Volume of your voice A quick tip to implement diaphragmatic breathing is to lie down on the floor and place one hand on your abdomen. As you breathe, try to make your stomach rise. Count to 10 as you inhale and fill your stomach, then count to 10 again as you exhale. Try to remember to breathe from your diaphragm as you speak in public. 3. Body Language Consider your body language and the message it conveys. Practice standing with a relaxed upright posture.Place your hands at your sides or clasped in front of you, unless you are making a gesture to emphasize a point.Become aware of your facial expressions as well; they should match the message you are delivering. If youre giving an upbeat speech, try to have a relaxed and joyful look on your face. 4. Delivery When it comes to public speaking, delivery is everything. Even if you have a great voice and good body language, your message will get lost if the audience cant easily follow what you say. Below are some tips for developing good delivery skills. Speak slowly and deliberately. Heres a tip: it will probably seem too slow for you.Pause between ideas to give the audience time to digest what you are saying.Carefully articulate and pronounce your words. A mumbling public speaker is hard to understand.Avoid filler sounds like Um and ah. It detracts from what you are saying and is distracting to the audience.Vary the pitch and volume of your voice to add interest. Speaking in a monotone is a surefire way to lose the interest of your listeners. Listen to podcasts of upbeat public speakers and try to imitate how they talk. One good example is Paula Pant of the Afford Anything podcast. 5. Audience Relations Good public speakers are in tune with their audience. Public speaking is more than standing in front of a group and talking. Acknowledge your audience right away and begin talking as soon as all eyes are on you. This helps to make you seem more like a real person and keeps a conversational tone.If you need to set up equipment, converse with your audience at the same time to keep their attention.Make eye contact and watch for communication from the audience. Smiles and nodding are good; fidgeting or confused looks may mean that you need to adjust what you are doing. However, if you live with social anxiety, be careful not to focus too much on negative faces. It could be that they are just having a bad day and their facial expressions have nothing to do with what you are saying. A good rule of thumb is to find a friendly face at the start of your talk. If that person seems to be confused or bored, that is when you know it is time to address issues with your public speaking. Inoculation Messages Research has shown that inoculation strategies can be useful to help individuals remain calm before and during public speaking. What is an inoculation message? In short, it is a message that helps you to interpret your fear differently.  The term inoculation is used to indicate that it is something that is done prior to public speaking, to inoculate you from your fear. It is presented in this way: 1. You are told that speaking in front of an audience may cause you anxiety. This is something that happens to many people. 2. You are presented with typical worries that go along with that fear, such as that the audience will be bored or laugh at you. 3. Then, your worries are followed up with refuting points, such as that it would be rare for an audience to laugh, or that even if things do go badly, the audience is likely to sympathize with you. In a way, this is much like what you would experience during cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), though it is being presented in an informational format without you needing to attend any therapy sessions. How can you make this work for you? Tell yourself the same things before engaging in public speaking and see if it helps to reduce your fears. Tell yourself the following: Public speaking anxiety is common.Most people worry that the audience will get bored or that they will make a fool of themselves.Even if the worst were to happen, the audience is more likely to be sympathetic. A Word From Verywell Fear of public speaking is a normal experience. However, if you have extreme anxiety while speaking in public, you may suffer from a specific form of social anxiety disorder. It is important to seek help from your doctor or a trained mental health professional. While improving your public speaking skills is helpful, this needs to be grounded in a solid framework for overcoming your social anxiety. 20 Public Speaking Tips to Help You Become a Better Speaker

Livrer - to Deliver - French Verb Conjugations

Earth s Impact On Earth - 1201 Words

Humans have changed the face of Earth from the moment they first arrived. We humans who rule the earth and live in the earth have changed in many ways; ever since we came we have had growth in population, impact has been greater. We cut down forests, emitting pollutants, spilling oil, burying toxic waste, dumping garbage in oceans. We have affected this earth in a very positive and a negative way ever since we arrived on this planet called earth. Let me take you on a journey of how humans have transformed over time. Before humans arrived on earth was a molten rock which took hundreds of years to cool down and then it rained for years which formed oceans and finally life started to form on earth. Earth began 4.6 billion years ago from the same cloud of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium) and interstellar dust that formed our sun. First organisms around 3.6 billion years ago were simple cells oxygen producing bacteria. Also many things happened during geological process such as crystallizing of molten rock and wearing a way of landmasses. Humans started arriving later and everything started to change. Humans arrived on earth 200,000 thousand years ago, time of climate change, modern humans (Homo sapiens) evolved in Africa. Like early humans, modern humans gathered and hunted food. They developed behaviors that helped them react to the challenges of survival. Around 40,000 years ago Humans become more modernized and they start moving out of Africa and towards Europe and Hunt andShow MoreRelatedEarth s Impact On Earth1834 Words   |  8 Pages Earth History Paper Earth has been around for billions of years, about 4.543 billion years to be more exact. Through the years, it is safe to say that Earth has changed significantly. 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This threat has cause several negative influx in our world. For instance, higher

The Glorification and Horrors of War Through the Arts Free Essays

string(40) " radical shifts from the Neoclassicism\." Artistes have always painted scenes of war from the Ancient worlds of Egypt and Greece. The relief inside the Abu Simbel Temple showing Ramses in the Battle of Kadesh and of his victory over the Hittites is an excellent example. The Athena Frieze depicting the battle of Greeks against the Persians, which are some of the earliest example of a specific historical event being, sculptured (Greek Art). We will write a custom essay sample on The Glorification and Horrors of War Through the Arts or any similar topic only for you Order Now To the photographs that are coming from the current war in Iraq and Afghanistan, the flagged draped coffins of the dead in the cargo hull on their way home. In the periods of art, before Goya’s the Third of May tended to glorify war and make it seem romantic and heroic without the effects of the bloodshed and horrors that war brings. Benjamin West’s The Death of General Wolfe does show the effect of war, however, he has made a martyr of General Wolfe surrounded by his officers making this painting seems to be Romanizing the death (Class Lecture-The Neoclassical 2 of 3). Benjamin West was an American Neoclassical painter who turned art historical order upside down by not depicting a classical theme and used clothing of the time (Gehmacaher). The Neoclassical period of art was a reaction to the Baroque and Rococo style of art where a renewed interest for classical antiquity of the ancient Greek and Roman seeking the geometric harmony of the time (Kleiner 330). The Neoclassical period of art was during the Enlightenment period where critical thinking of the world and humankind spurred the great political, social and economic changes resulted in Revolutions in France and America (Kleiner 319). Writers such as Rousseau, Voltaire, and Jefferson help the change the critical thinking in political, social and economic toward humankind and what was going on in the world helped inspired the French and American Revolutions (Class Lecture-The Neoclassical 1 of 3). This influenced the people to put a new light on all thinking and question the traditional ideas and ways of doing things whether it was in painting, sculpture, writing, science, politics, and nature (Smart History). The Death of General Wolfe is the final stages of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, which takes place in Quebec, Canada, when the French and British fought during the Seven Year’s War for control of Canada or as it was called then New France (Gehmacher). General Wolfe, a British officer, won the battle but lost his life in this campaign on September 13, 1759, the French surrendered Quebec five days later and by 1760 surrendered in Montreal after a failed attempt to regain control of the capital (BBC). West has distorted the events surrounding General Wolfe death to heighten the drama in this painting (Gehmacher). West does not depict General Wolfe in armor like that of ancient soldiers but he has paid close attention to the details of the uniforms and the clothes of the Indians (Stacey). To me, West has made a martyr of General Wolfe by having him surrounded by his officers and Indians with the front lines not far off. This also glorifies and romanizes war, everyone around the dying General seem unaffected by the battle that is raging nearby. Jacques-Louis David preferred the ancient and Renaissance works, and agreed with the Enlightenment philosophy that the subject matter should have a moral balance reflect the artwork of ancient times and depicting noble events in history would civil virtues and patriotism (Kleiner 332) inspire. David’s Oath of the Horatii is an excellent example of the Enlightenment philosophy and of Neoclassical style. David became the painter of French Revolution and was on the board that voted to behead the King; he also became the official painter for Napoleon (Zucker). Oath of the Horatii is keeping with the neoclassical style, by the David has used colors and by classicizing contemporary subject matter (Gersh-Nesic). David has used diagonal movements with heroic poses of the father and sons, and grouping the women behind the focus of the painting to give this painting the classic feel, that it has (The Neoclassical 3 of 3). Oath of the Horatii is about three brothers swearing on oath on their swords with their father gives them, the sons swear to fight to the death for their country (Zucker). David has a group of women that seem in despair over the oath of the brothers, he has also bathed the women in light to show their despair. David has used the dark archways to give depth to this painting and light on the swords and arms of the brothers to show their bond with their father. The one thing I have noticed about David style of painting is that has fluidness about his work and there are no brush strokes visible. David’s male figures appear statuesque and virile like the ancient Greek and Roman soldiers; he has also used soft colors to make this painting more alluring and dramatic. This painting like that of West seems to glorify the act of war. These painting are done in the Neoclassical style but they both have a different feel to them. West’s has the act of dying on the battlefield and has used the clothing of the times and no reference to the past. David on the other hand has depicted an ancient Roman scene. To me this is the last art period that depicts war as heroic and glorifies it. The Romantics were about getting back to nature and the common people to evoke individualism, subjectivism, imagination and emotions (Romanticism). The Romantics were the first group of artists to turn away from the academic style of the Neoclassical, this movement started in the late 18th century and early 19th century because of the Napoleonic wars (Romanticism). The transition from Neoclassicism was a shift from reason to feeling and uses the social and political climate to draw their inspiration (Kleiner 340). Goya, a Spanish Romantic artist, Third of May is an example of the radical shifts from the Neoclassicism. You read "The Glorification and Horrors of War Through the Arts" in category "Papers" Here Goya has used light and dark to emphasis the scene that is unfolding before us. The Spanish King, Charles IV, asked Napoleon to help Spain defend them against Great Britain, Napoleon saw this as a weakness and took control of Spain by putting his brother in control of Spain (Zucker). The Spanish who first liked the idea of the French getting rid of the British, the Spanish people soon realized the French as invaders and on the 2nd of May, the Spanish attacked Napoleon’s men in a violent clash (Kleiner 341). Napoleon’s men then responded by executing several Spanish citizens, Goya is painting that massacre. The Third of May is the result and Goya has done an excellent job here is showing the senseless act by the French soldiers. Goya has used the light on the man in the front with his arms outreached about to be executed to draw your attention to the brutal act of the soldiers and to evoke empathy to common man. Goya has the French soldiers back to the viewer so they cannot see their face to show the injustice unfolding. He has used the mountain or hill in the background to show the people as trapped and no way to get away from the soldiers and dead bodies around to show how helpless these people are (Zucker). Goya has used several things to draw attention to what is going on in this painting, the rifles pointing at the man in the white shirt on his knees, the blood in on the ground in front of him, the lantern to shed light on the man about to be shot and his face that shows no fear. All of this helps show the ruthlessness of the French soldiers. He has also used earth tones in this painting with strong brushstrokes and used shadows that show the Romantic styles break from the Neoclassical style. While I find this painting, somewhat disturbing Goya has used his coloring, shadowing, and lines to draw to viewer into this painting and feel the helplessness of the Spanish people and Goya has made a martyr of the man about to be shot. Realism was a moment the developed out of the Industrial Revolution when artist in France rejected the fantastic and focused on the reality of the world and painted the everyday life (Photography and Realism 4 of 6). Painters like Gustave Courbet and Jean-Francois Millet painted wonderful scenes of the everyday peasant life in The Stone Breakers and The Gleaners but it was during this time that photography came into the world and could capture life and preserve that moment forever. Timothy O’Sullivan’s photography A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania shows the true horrors of war; this was taken after one of the worst battles during the American Civil War. The Civil War was due to the Industrial Revolution effects of the northern states becoming more industrial than the south that was still an agricultural society that was using slaves for the work. In this photograph, there is a fog over the battlefield in the distance you can see men on horses, as you look closer at the dead soldiers you can see that the Confederate soldiers’ shoes have been removed. The shoes of the dead were removed for use of surviving soldiers who needed them and it did not stop at the shoes for once again the Confederate soldiers’ pockets have been gone through for their pockets appear turned out (Cornell University). This photography shows the true reality of the horrors of war in the awful details this photography has taken. Photographs of other wars also show the horrible reality of war, and the power of the picture speaks for the horrors of war. The photos of the oncentrations camps after World War II are excellent examples of man’s inhumanity to man, and I will not describe any of these here because to are too horrific to look at. The photograph of the flag being raised on Iwo Jima shows six men raising an American flag after a battle for the island. This picture is showing a simple act of raising the flag to show their support for their country. While this photo does not show the horrors of war, it shows that despite the battle that fough t and the loss of life there can be a simple act that defines us. Then there is the photograph of the aftermath of a napalm attack in Vietnam taken by Nick Ut, here you see Vietnamese children running through the streets screaming and one little girl has no clothes on, soldiers are behind the children and in the background you can see the smoke of the bombs. Photographer Ut said that he had seen two airplanes and each one dropped four bombs and minutes later he saw the people running away and the little girl that appears to be the focus of the image yelling for water because she was to hot (BBC News). The terrified face of the children screaming speaks volumes in this photo and shows how war affects everyone not just the soldiers fighting the battles. Photographs show the reality of war in unflinching view, while painters interrupt what they see. The German Expressionists did just that after World War I. German Expressionists used disorganized outlines and angry brushstrokes to connive their message in their works and to illustrate the injustice of society that was growing during this time of global uncertainty (German Expressionism). There were several movements in the German Expressionist; the first was called Der Brucke (The Bridge), Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) and Neue Sachlickeit (New Objectivity). Franz Marc was one of the founders of the Der Blaue Reiter, which got its name from Marc and Vassily Kandinsky’s interest in horses and the color blue (Kleiner 386). However, Marc did not paint Fate of the Animals during World War I, but while serving during the war he wrote a letter to his wife that â€Å"is like a premonition of this war—horrible and shattering. I can hardly conceive that I painted it† (Kleiner 388). Here Marc is showing us a forest that is being destroyed uses vivid colors and jagged forms to connive his message (Labedzki). I have used this painting because I think had Marc lived through World War I, he would have painted another form of this to show the horrors he saw during that time. He said to his wife that this was a premonition; I can only image what he would have painted after the war. Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix, known for his work under the name Otto Dix, was a German Expressionists in the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity). This movement formed after World War I by artist that severed in the German army and their experiences military influenced their art (Kleiner 400). Otto Dix’s aim was to show the world those experiences with wrenching, ruthless and harsh depictions of the war as depicted in his Shock Troops Advance under Gas and The Trench (Henshaw). The Trench is filled dead bodies at different stages of decomposition did cause a public outcry that the museum director show the painting was forced to resign (WWI, Otto Dix). Dix said of his work â€Å"that life is not colorful at all. It is much darker, quieter in its tonality, much simpler. I wanted to depict things as they really are† (Heller). Dix depicted the war as it actually was and drew great criticism for his works with the war as the subject. Dix’s medium for Shock Troops Advance under Gas was an etching, portraying the soldiers need to wear gas masks due to the invention of mustard gas used in World War I. Once again showing man’s inhumanity to man. This reminds me of Munch’s Scream. How to cite The Glorification and Horrors of War Through the Arts, Essays

Deterrence and Criminal Justice Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Deterrence and Criminal Justice. Answer: Introduction Deterrence is one of the central concepts in the subject of criminal justice globally. In simple words Deterrence means discouraging or condemning criminal activities by threatening the person committing the crime to be received serious ramifications. Deterrence is one of the long standing concepts which have acted as the mainstay for practicing criminal justice. Deterrence as a concept has been there in use from the ancient times when the roman kings used to punish people for wrongdoings against the state. In this way deterrence has becomes such a strong aspect for criminal justice across the world. Deterrence came into being with greater importance as in the earlier days of king most of the people feared being received with major punishment that prevented them from committing any kind of crime. Most of the opponents of the capital punishment have opposed strongly against deterrence stating that it doesnt have major impact on the person and hence it could be said that capital punish ment doesnt have any positive impact on crime. In the contemporary world it is stated that punishment is the not the best of ways to eliminate crime or prevent people to commit crime and hence show deterrence doesnt work anymore (Braga and Weisburd, 2012). In the present argumentative essay there are two different ideas of deterrence namely theory of punishment and impulsivity. The essay will discuss these two concepts which would help to compare and contrast deterrence and state why deterrence doesnt work anymore. Comparison between two different deterrence ideas Over the years the federal systems have largely dependent on punishment in order to focus on deterring the range of crime to a large extent. Over the years there are number of people in different countries who are incarcerated for crimes but the rate of crime doesnt seem to end. The sentencing systems have been largely used to focus on improving the offenders but it has been seen that deterrence cannot work in the contemporary world. While the criminal justice system as a whole makes a deterrent effect but it is important to understand that most of the criminal justice systems focus on applying the punishment but it could be said that opposing scholars state that punishment doesnt work anymore. In broad view punishment could be expected to affect deterrence in one or two ways (Willison and Warkentin, 2013). In Australia it could be seen that the crime rate has not reduced even after the application of punishment that is the maximum rate of punishment the rate of crime has not reduced . The standard counter agreement against punishment is that one could execute innocent person and hence it is important to assess that deterrence may not work. With punishment it cannot be said that criminal activities have reduced dramatically but with liberal criminal justice policies deterrence have been strongly denied. Capital punishment in different countries is different but in most of the situations it could be said that capital punishment doesnt affect the mindset of the criminals to a large extent. Rationality is one of the main concepts in the deterrence and it has to be understood that the two different concepts of deterrence namely theory of punishment and impulsivity (Jackson et al., 2012). The deterrence theory mainly states that people obey law because they are afraid of punishment and hence tend to obey law. The deterrence theory mainly states that people do not commit crime because they are afraid of law but because of being motivated to by moral sense. Hence in this case it could be said that a person is motivated and dissuaded from committing a crime if the punishment is swift, certain and severe. While deterrence is focused on preventing wrong doers from committing crimes on the other hand it is effective to set examples for the others to deter against crime. Basically deterrence is based on different ideas but the theory of punishment is one of the common ideas that work in deterrence (Kleck and Barnes, 2013). Punishment is one of the oldest methods that are used to deter offenders and other people. It has been stated by the researchers that the end of crime is punishment. As discussed deterrence is largely related to punishment as punishment is given in order to deter commoners from committing crimes but in the contemporary world it cannot be said that punishment doesnt really act effectively to prevent people from committing crimes and hence punishment is not supported by many research scholars. It is also stated that for behavior modifications punishment is not anymore a suitable option rather reward system have been supported by the scholars to a large extent (Nagin, 2013). Since the yester years crime has been seen as evil and was considered performed under a spell by evil spirit and hence he or she was punished and since people in the earlier years were afraid of punishments and so they did not commit crimes initially. As per the statistics the crime rate in Australia did not get red uced even after strong and maximum punishment given by the court of Law. As per the information way back in the 1967 the murder rate in Australia was around 150 increasing over a period of time by 200 where there were 96 executions done but there were no changes in the murder rates over the years which clearly shows that punishment doesnt make a huge difference in the minds of the criminal (Cronin-Furman, 2013). Impulsivity is another idea on which deterrence works especially when its stated that deterrence is largely based on rationality. It is important to note that in crime it is stated that most of the people have that decision making ability which drives them to either commit a crime or not committing it. Impulsivity is an extremely important aspect in the study of deterrence and hence it is important that this aspect is studied properly. The general theory of crime clearly states that committing a crime basically depends on the self control and the ability to make decisions and this is where most of the potential criminals might deter from committing crimes but on the other hand it could be said that most of the criminals with long criminal background are not moved by impulses as hence commit crimes (Saridakis and Spengler, 2012). It is considered that they are not impulsive and since make their decisions extremely effectively and hence doesnt become impulsive. Describing criminality i n terms of self control is very tough and hence impulsivity cannot focus on deterrence as with longer criminal record. For instance when a person is doing robbery for money there mightnt be impulse working on it. On the other hand if a person is doing burglary for a specific reason impulse will definitely come into play which might stop him or her before committing the crime (Wellman, 2013). Impulsiveness means a different world view. It cannot be denied that people are born with positive and negative impulses and hence it is important to control the negative impulse effectively. Interdisciplinary study of impulsivity has related this aspect with antisocial conduct. Impulsivity is also a part of the working of psychopathic personality and has been associated with insane criminal mindset. Impulsivity from the point of view of psychology has been defined as the characteristics showed by a man who are largely denied social status or are considered inferior which then drive them to comm it a crime and hence mere punishments wouldnt rehabilitate their mindsets from committing another crime (Crockett, zdemir and Fehr, 2014). Comparing both the ideas taken up in this case it could be said that both the ideas are different from each other when one shows the applicability of punishment to rehabilitate a person on the other hand impulsivity shows the impulses that drive a person to commit a crime. It is important to assess both the perspectives effective to understand why deterrence doesnt work anymore. In the recent past there have been number of debates over the applicability of maximum sentence in rehabilitating a person or eliminating his thoughts about crime. On the other hand impulse is considered largely a reason for which a person commits crime (Garoupa and Rizzolli, 2012). People with impulsivity have been seen to have excessive propensity to commit crime and hence it is important for the criminal justice to have something better rather stronger to rehabilitate such actions or thoughts. Impulsivity is perhaps the most common trait associated with individual difference on offending. It is important t o note that most of the criminals committing a crime are focused on ultimately getting the benefits and hence doesnt consider the consequence and people who weigh up both these aspects make prudent decisions and this is where impulsivity comes into play (Friesen, 2012). A person who is considering a revenge on another person will definitely think about the possible ramifications he or she is likely to face after committing the crime. Hence these people cannot be influenced by the kind of sentence they get as may be he or she will do only one murder or may be when the person comes out of the jail will consider a career in crime which then he or she will do for money. There is a huge difference between deterrence by punishment with impulsivity. Maximum punishment of life incarceration or death sentence will not affect the mindset of the other criminals as now there are various ways of eluding criminal charges and hence impulsive criminals focus on committing crimes with a full proof p lan which would help him or her to elude charges (Kunst and Van Wilsem, 2013). In recent research it has been stated that impulsive felons focus on understanding the consequences and benefits and they often feel the consequences are deferred or uncertain which then helps them to commit a crime without any possible fear and it is tough to manage such criminals. The question that arises here is whether it is possible to deter these kinds of people from committing crimes further. The answer is considered a conundrum as it has been seen that even strictest punishments have not been able to reduce murders and molestations and hence it can clearly be stated that punishment is not anymore the best way to deter people from committing crimes. Impulsivity has come into the picture the importance of punishment has reduced to a large extent as people are not anymore afraid of punishments even death sentence. Even though it cannot be denied that long term jail do prevent crime but up to a point (Higgins et al., 2013). Logically analysing the impulsivity perspective of crime it could be said that it is very tough to manage impulsive criminals as they do not believe in humanity and are extremely selfish and want to achieve their own interest pretty easily. Hence some of the major questions which have been asked by the researchers that whether there is a clear impact of punishment on impulsive offenders the answer will clearly be no because it really doesnt make a huge difference on them and hence impulsivity will have to be dealt in different way (Carli et al., 2014). Punishing the offenders is basically the duty of all the states in Australia in fact in all the countries but it could be said that with time passing by there are number of ways people now can avoid punishment and even after punishment they are driven to commit crimes either for money or for taking revenge. A common point that could be used in this case to understand deterrence and punishment, is wearing helmet and getting fined for no t doing it. There are number of people all across the world who regularly ride motorcycles and dont wear helmets even after knowing if they get caught they could be fined or jailed for doing it repeatedly but still there are hardly people who follow rules which clearly shows that mere punishment is not anymore effective in deterring people from committing crimes especially impulsive criminals. There is another problem with punishment as often it is seen that the court or the justice system sometime accuse the innocent and acquit the guilty and naturally this makes the person an impulsive criminal who then sets in motion a series of events that completely changes the perspective of the innocent about the justice system and the society (Healey and Beauregard, 2017). Even though both the perspectives are definitely different but establish good viewpoints about making decisions regarding deterrence how it is influenced by punishment and impulsivity. Under any system especially in Australia men are taken care of in the best possible manner under punishment but then again the viewpoint of the society definitely doesnt change on him and he still is a criminal. The main difference among impulsive and non impulsive criminals is that impulsive criminals are more likely to focus on the benefits of the crime and non impulsive criminals will definitely weigh up the decisions effectively before committing a crime. The criminological research of impulsivity has focused primarily on the certainty and timing of the reward and cost of the offending behavior. Apparently it could be said that deterrence is tough in the contemporary world with punishment as long term punishment or death sentence ends up the career of a person and hence doesnt let the world know about the possible learning of the criminal and hence it doesnt end crime or criminals as courts become lenient but the planning of the crime becomes more interesting and smart that reduc es the chances of charges (Higgins et al., 2013). Deterrence is a complicated concept and there are number of aspects which come into play in this case. It is important to note that not always people will focus to make proper decisions before they commit crimes and feebleminded people will commit crime whimsically and then think about the consequences and hence mere punishment will not be able to restrain people from committing mistakes like this and hence this is where it becomes clear that why deterrence doesnt work anymore in the contemporary world and there should be specific strategies which should be developed to manage crimes and reduce crimes with swift, certain and severe decisions that will not let any further crime to happen (Nagin, 2013). Conclusion To conclude the essay it could be said that deterrence is difficult in the contemporary world as most of the criminals are focused on committing the crime and weighing up the benefits and consequences but at times they are very impulsive and hence impulsive people cannot be controlled through punishment. The two different perspectives of crime states that wither harsh punishments a story of a criminal is paused but it cannot completely make changes in the criminal environment as well as in the mindset of the criminals because impulsivity is largely related to criminality and hence it could be said that most of the criminals are impulsive and focused on doing the crime for maximum benefits and they dont think about punishment which ultimately doesnt lead to creation of awareness in the society and hence deterrence is not there. Overall to conclude it could be said that deterrence doesnt work anymore due to the increase in impulsive offenders and with the decrease in the impact of puni shments. References Braga, A.A. and Weisburd, D.L., 2012. The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,49(3), pp.323-358. Carli, V., Mandelli, L., Zaninotto, L., Alberti, S., Roy, A., Serretti, A. and Sarchiapone, M., 2014. Trait-aggressiveness and impulsivity: role of psychological resilience and childhood trauma in a sample of male prisoners.Nordic journal of psychiatry,68(1), pp.8-17. Crockett, M.J., zdemir, Y. and Fehr, E., 2014. The value of vengeance and the demand for deterrence.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143(6), p.2279. Cronin-Furman, K., 2013. Managing expectations: international criminal trials and the prospects for deterrence of mass atrocity.International Journal of Transitional Justice,7(3), pp.434-454. Friesen, L., 2012. Certainty of punishment versus severity of punishment: An experimental investigation.Southern Economic Journal,79(2), pp.399-421. Garoupa, N. and Rizzolli, M., 2012. Wrongful convictions do lower deterrence.Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE,168(2), pp.224-231. Healey, J. and Beauregard, E., 2017. Impulsivity as an etiological factor in sexual homicide.Journal of Criminal Justice,48, pp.30-36. Higgins, G.E., Kirchner, E.E., Ricketts, M.L. and Marcum, C.D., 2013. Impulsivity and offending from childhood to young adulthood in the United States: A developmental trajectory analysis.International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences,8(2), p.182. Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Myhill, A., Quinton, P. and Tyler, T.R., 2012. Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions.British journal of criminology,52(6), pp.1051-1071. Kleck, G. and Barnes, J.C., 2013. Deterrence and Macro-Level Perceptions of Punishment Risks: Is There a Collective Wisdom?.Crime Delinquency,59(7), pp.1006-1035. Kunst, M. and Van Wilsem, J., 2013. Trait impulsivity and change in mental health problems after violent crime victimization: a prospective analysis of the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences database.Journal of interpersonal violence,28(8), pp.1642-1656. Nagin, D.S., 2013. Deterrence in the twenty-first century.Crime and Justice,42(1), pp.199-263. Saridakis, G. and Spengler, H., 2012. Crime, deterrence and unemployment in Greece: A panel data approach.The Social Science Journal,49(2), pp.167-174. Wellman, C.H., 2012. The rights forfeiture theory of punishment.Ethics,122(2), pp.371-393. Willison, R. and Warkentin, M., 2013. Beyond deterrence: An expanded view of employee computer abuse.MIS quarterly,37(1).

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AIDS Descrimnation is Bad essays

AIDS Descrimnation is Bad essays Discrimination is a concern for people worldwide because they have had personal experience throughout their daily routines. When it comes to people with aids, many people around the world have thought about the subject many times, and have developed their state of mind towards them. Also, people have learned to live with while others ignore the problem. One problem that may not concern many is discrimination to people with aids in school. The question here is; does aids influence schools to admit pupils? Does aid influence in teachers grading methods? A survey done by Mauricio Murguia to six college students gave us a quite description of how more or less people think and feel about students with aids: Miriam Maciel from El Paso Community College answered, I dont think it is right for people to judge people with deceases because what happens to one, may happen to another. I act normal when I am aware that a person that surround me has aids and I also treat that person equally. Another three students from UTEP answered the same. Rafael Brunet a student from Kettering University in Michigan answered that he does everything in his power to avoid people with aids and that he feels uncomfortable around these people and mostly if they are homosexuals. Luis Davalos from the TEC De Monterrey in Mexico answered that he hates people with aids because the have the decease because of irresponsibility. Also Luis Davalos told us that he couldnt see a homosexual because he is filled with anger. It is hard to make others think a way in which we think is correct and this is because we all have different points of view. I myself had an experience, which I think I will never forget. I was dating a girl about 15 months ago, and it was a normal relationship but after some time of seeing this girl I started to point out certain changes in her behavior. I thought it was because of me or because she was not happy with ...

Energy And Environmental Analysis And Evaluation Of A Property Research Paper

Energy And Environmental Analysis And Evaluation Of A Property - Research Paper Example The most familiar type of green methods, which can be adopted in a green construction, is the utilization of windows ventilators. However, more complex green strategies can also be utilized to reduce the energy consumption in a residential or commercial building. The most amount of energy in a residential structure is consumed while maintaining the internal atmosphere of the home. In colder regions, electric, gas or oil heaters are utilized to warm up the atmosphere and water, while in hotter regions air conditioning units are employed to reduce the temperature (Legg, 1991, p24-36). One of the important aspects of utilizing less energy is that it limits the greenhouse emissions this way, at the same time it is economically beneficial as utilizing less energy will consequently reduce the energy bills or other bills related to the energy consumption. In this way, green construction is not only a better option for the environment but also for the environment (Burberry, 1997, p21-48). A green building can be considered as green if it minimizes the waste, utilized as less energy as possible and utilized the green material in the construction. If the home utilized the natural energy resources like the solar or geothermal, the energy dependence can be minimized. On the other hand, the utilization of windows allows the lights to penetrate into the structure in the daytime and thus reduce the energy consumed by the artificial lights (Pritchard, 1999, p30-44). Advanced green structure utilized much-advanced technology such as an installation of the solar panel on the roof that generates energy for the home and the excess energy is supplied to the grid. On the other hand, solar geysers capture solar energy to heat the ware for the utilization in the home. The solar water heating system can also be utilized for the space heating by circulation the heated water through the radiators and fan mechanism. The system has the capability to save much amount of energy. In the given pattern of the home, I think the placement of the windows is quite right that will help the home to stay lighted during the day. In order to evaluate the energy consumption in the house, it is appropriate to evaluate where the energy is consumed and where it can be saved. As the house is fitted with a big boiler to maintain the temperature in the house and to provide with the warm water, the immense amount of energy is taken by the boiler. In this way, the boiler is the major producer of the greenhouse emissions. However, if the boiler is removed from the house, the house becomes less comfortable for the residents.

Package Marking RFID 351 wk 8 forum Research Paper

Package Marking RFID 351 wk 8 forum - Research Paper Example For long RFID has been of great influence especially in manufacturing and packaging industries in that, their tags are fixed on any object and used to track as well as manage any inventory, as well as assets. However, RFID can be used in a variety of applications including tracking of goods, access management, contactless payment, toll collections, smart dust, and verification of authenticity, airport tracking logistics, and timing sporting events (Angell, 2006). While RFID is presently utilized within an expansive scope of uses, stress is moving progressively to use in the store network. RFID can have an immense effect on every feature of inventory system administration from the common, for example, moving merchandise through stacking docks, to the overwhelming, for example, overseeing terabytes of information as data about products close by is gathered continuously. The impact of RFID on the supply chain leads to optimization and enhancement of passenger experience especially in airports (Angell, 2006). In conclusion, RFID technology as the Radio frequency identification system that transmits a unique serial number termed as identity on a wireless platform and by help of radio waves eases the total operation in the packaging industry and saves time for any work in progress for any prevailing industry. This in turn leads to profit maximization since supply chain is of great influence and in continuous perception that the consumers receive their preferences just on

Principal Strengths And Weaknesses Of Norwegian Integration Politics Essay

Principal Strengths And Weaknesses Of Norwegian Integration Politics Essay The foreign policy of the European Union (EU) compromises two major tools. First, deepening dictates a horizontal (among members) process where member states tie up their relations on stronger grounds. Second, enlargement is associated with a vertical growth (between members of the EU and the candidate countries) that absorbs new members into the Union creating new markets, new employment potential, and a wider geographical status. The basic difference between these two processes is that the latter must also include the satisfaction of an outsider (i.e. the candidate country). As strange as it may sound to a Turkish citizen, some countries are willing to opt out the so-called opportunity of becoming an EU member. Any expression of opposition to the European Union or to the project of European integration, generally labeled Euroscepticism, comes from many different quarters and spans across the political spectrum. One basic idea is that European integration might be accompanied by a certain disintegration of the political system at the national level. In the recent European Parliament elections, many Eurosceptics entered the European Parliament, thus suggesting that Euroscepticism is on the rise across Europe. In surveying the nature of Euroscepticism across European states, Szczerbiak and Taggart (2000) identified Soft and Hard Euroscepticism which implicitly suggest particular features of Eurosceptical attitudes to Europe. For Hard Eurosceptics, the EU may be opposed because it embodies some previously identified  «enemy » (e.g. capitalism for communism, socialism for the right, bureaucracy for populists, supranationalism for nationalists, or neo-liberalism for socialists). For Soft Eurosceptics, the EU is problematic when it development runs counter to interests, policies or issues they support. (Szczerbiak and Taggart 2008) Euroscepticsm in Norway In the Norwegian context, Euroscepticism is usually associated with the question of membership. To the question why the membership issue was and is so hotly debated in Norway there is no single answer, but rather several partial ones. A leading expert in the field of political behavior, Professor Henry Valen, points to the interplay of history, geography and social structure(Miles 1996). Historically, centuries of foreign rule first by the Danes, then by the Swedes and the fact of being a young nation (i.e. Norways comparatively recent independence since 1905) made many Norwegians fierce patriots. To this should be added the large geographical distance to mainland Europe. The country has traditionally pursued a policy of non-involvement in European conflicts. Furthermore, the Norwegian Euroscepticism can be traced to both the economic and cultural territorial cleavages that shape the Norwegian party system, thus cutting across the main left-right dimension in Norway i.e. socio-economic competition between Labour and the Conservatives. (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). The centre-periphery cleavages derived from the national revolution and the rural-urban cleavages that were arose during the industrial revolution are other two explanatory dimensions of Euroscepticsm in Norway (Rokkan and Urwin 1983). Domestic politics reflect economic inequalities and conflicts of interest stemming from the huge geographic extension of the country from south to north and the gap in living conditions between the densely inhabited and industrialized areas of south and the thinly populated rural and coastal districts. Furthermore, throughout the EU debates there were unusual but strong alliances between farmers and fisherman, urban radicals, and partisans of lingui stic, religious and teetotalist counter-cultures. Miles (1996) finds that on most of these dimensions there has been a remarkable stability since the early 1970s. The economic dimension of Norwegian Euroscepticism is illustrated in the sectors that face uncertainty or decreased subsidies if exposed to free trade and competition, primarily agriculture and fisheries, but also to a smaller extent the public sector. Fear that integration might undermine Norways regional policy, which entails both economic transfers and positive discrimination in the forms of tax-breaks and other financial incentives, provides further grounds for economic opposition. In terms of identity or culture, European integration has been perceived as a potential or actual threat to Norways moral-religious heritage (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). Foreign and security policy added as further dimension to the Norwegian Euroscepticism. Until 2000, there was scarce evidence of that Norway was responding to the end of the Cold War and changing military and security realities of the 1990s, and the distance between Norwegian and EU security policy was greater than at the beginning of the decade (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). This is rooted partly in the perception that Norway is a different country, in terms of either geopolitics or its international profile. The EU and the USs changing approaches to security and defense (beyond sole focus on traditional concerns of defense of state bounders), has little effect on the Norwegian foreign and security policy. However, even in narrow terms of security concerns, Norway is finding that its non-NATO neighbours are increasingly addressing regional concerns through the EU institutions. Given its NATO membership and geostrategic position, Norway would be in a prime position to play a strong role in shaping the EUs emerging security and defense policy. Thus, even in the absence of EU membership, Norway joined the Schengen agreement on police cooperation and border control and performs surveillance on the European It has also established close cooperation with the EU on its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Historical outline of Norways foreign economic relations since independence Norway is no stranger to complex relations with the outside world (Claes and Fossum 2002). Its foreign policy has historically striven to strike a balance between internationalism and national self-assertion. Although united under a common king as early as 872, it lost its independence in the late Middle Ages, was ruled by Denmark from 1390 to 1814, and then was the possession of the Swedish king until obtaining independence in 1905. In order to find the connection between a nations national identity and her foreign policy, one must first deal with whether Norwegian identity formation has yet ended up with a solid national identity. Anthony Smith (1993) outlines fundamental features of a national identity as such: a historic territory (homeland); common myths and historical memories; a common mass public culture including dialect languages and shared customs/traditions; common legal rights and duties for all members; and a common economy with territorial mobility for members. Internalizing Smiths features of national identity as well as making, Norwegian society has come up with an accomplished national identity without question. The main priority in Norwegian foreign and security policy after the Second World War was always the Atlantic relationship, built around NATO membership and a strong reliance on the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1960 Norway joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) which included the United Kingdon, Finland, Sweden, Austria, and Liechtenstein. However, Norways applications to join the European Community in 1962 and 1967 and vetoed by France indicated that there was potential for conflict in the Norwegian political system concerning stronger orientation towards the European Community. The opposition was not limited to the internal dimensions. Externally, membership meant a potential break with the traditional non-supranational Nordic and EFTA approaches. As a consequence, it was felt by many Norwegians that Nordic cooperation might be jeopardized by opting for EC membership. The 1972 Trauma In the 1972 referendum on EC membership, a majority of 53 percent of the population voted against. Community to ensure duty-free trade for manufactured goods, the European question receded from its political agenda. The negative referendum outcome caused something like a political earthquake in Norway. It marked a broad popular protest against the exclusive competence of the government to handle questions of foreign policy and international economics generally and against EC membership specifically. The No in a way became part of the Constitution, standing above the government, the Storting (parliament) and the political parties. Despite the rejection in 1972, and the following silent treatment of the membership issue, the prospect of the Single European Market triggered negotiations to link the EFTA states with the EC through the creation of the European Economic Area agreement (EEA). As an intergovernmental agreement between the EU and the three remaining EFTA partners (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway), the EEA became the backbone of Norway s economic relationship with the EU. The vote against membership of the European Community in the 1972 set the scene for an approach to European integration based on an ever closer cooperation short of actual membership. Despite the rejection of membership, Norway was required to respond to and accommodate European integration. What started as bilateral relationships between each EFTA member and the EU evolved into coordinated multilateral interaction in the early 1980s. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Eliassen and Sitter 2003) The 1994 No referendum to EU membership In the wake of the 1994 referendum , in Norway, enormous offshore oil and gas resources had been developed, increasing the level of Norwegian exports and adding one more sensitive sector to the Norwegian negotiation agenda with the EU. In the EU, a more ambitious direction was employed both to harmonize economic regulations of the members in order to create a common market and economic union, and also to create a political union with common foreign policy. The impact of these changes together with political considerations, including loss of sovereignty in critical decision-making areas, made the distance between Norway and the Union extended. The No slogan EU campaigns 1994 slogan centered on three words environment, solidarity and national rule all of which were threatened by the Union. Norwegian Method of European Integration The combination in increasingly close cooperation in a growing range of policy sectors while excluding the possibility of full membership has come to represent a join-as-much-as-we-can-get-away-with approach to European integration on the governments part has been called the Norwegian method of European integration (Eliassen and Sitter 2001). The results in both 1972 and 1994 referendums were marginal No majorities, and this has been combined with a permanent pro-integration majority in Parliament, hence the basis for the Norwegian method of European integration. Strenghts of the Norwegian method in European integration The European Economic Area (EEA) has been, is and will be the cornerstone of Norwegian involvement in European integration. The deal entails comprehensive membership in the EUs Single European Market, and most Norwegian parties consider a well-functioning EEA an essential prerequisite for Norway not applying for full membership of the EU. Enlargement of the Single European Market was, of course, both for the EU and the EFTA countries, the key motive behind the EEA agreement (leaving aside the broader political goals of extending European integration), and this is perhaps the aspect of the EU Norway relationship that has worked best. Nevertheless, under the EEA arrangement Norway has seen much better economic development over the last decade than the EU average. The Norwegian North Sea oil wealth is almost a blessing for the Norwegian economy, but not the only, explanation for this. In most sectors, the differences between the EEA and EU arrangements for trade in the Single Market are minor. In several respects, Norway has even outperformed the EU. Interest rates have fluctuated, but with some lag they have followed the Euro-zone. The government debt was eliminated, the foreign trade surplus grew, non-petroleum industrial investment increased and business did not emigrate to the Euro-zone. To be sure, the economic slowdown in the opening years of this century also hit Norway, but less severely than most of the EU member states. Unemployment in Norway stand (relatively stable) at the end of 2009 at around 3 percent, about half the EU average. This can be put down largely to the relatively tight fiscal policy pursu ed in Norway, even in the face of the temptation to use more oil money. In fact, a large degree of convergence between Norway and the Euro-zone in terms of monetary policy has taken place despite the lack of a formal relationship. Norways has secured ad-hoc participation in several EU policy initiatives beyond those covered by the EEA The most spectacular of these, are the Schengen arrangement on passport free travel and associated policies and Norways close cooperation with the EU on its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Perhaps most significantly, the EU-Norway relationship is dynamic. Although this means that the EEA treaty is upgraded when the EU enlarges, most of the responsibility is on the three EFTA members unilaterally to adapt to developments in the EU. This means both EU Treaty change and substantial developments in EU policy. Weaknesses of the Norwegian method in European integration The Norwegian quasi-membership in the EU (Eliassen and Sitter 2004) entails ever-closer cooperation, and the advantages of the supposed discretion that such arrangements entail shrinks with the deepening and widening of the EU. The first challenge is associated with the deepening of the EU. Although the EU as a whole is generally pleased with Norways performance, it shows little interest in developing this system much further to accommodate deepening of European integration. The EEA and Schengen systems are static compared to the very dynamic developments within the EU. Both arrangements are becoming ever smaller parts of the whole, and this is particularly evident when the EU moves into new areas such as counter-terrorism. In other rapidly developing areas such as foreign, security and defense policy, the overall Norwegian strategy is not always clearly developed, and the EU side justifiable questions whether Oslo is prepared to accept the full implications of ad hoc participation in any given initiative. The price for access the Single Market is accepting EU market regulation and competition policy. In terms of the free movement of goods, services, capital and labour, there is little difference between the EEA agreements and full EU membership, and the EEA competition policy has brought a degree of supranationalism to an otherwise intergovernmental agreement. Although Norway has adopted less to EUs competition policy than most member states, it has partially adopted the EUs prohibition approach and remains under pressure to follow EU states in adapting to the EU system (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). The EUs eastern enlargement, or widening, makes up the second element of the challenge of the future and the dilemma of quasi-membership. The tenfold increase in the fee for Norways access to the EU Single Market agreed as part of the EEA enlargement deal not only illustrates the shifting balance between the costs and benefits of quasi-membership (and some EU states perception of Norway as a rich relative who is unwilling to contribute to the common good), but also the potential consequences of the growing asymmetry between the EU and EFTA partners in the EEA. Conclusion Are Norwegians as Eurosceptic as we often think? The question of how and to what extent Norway should participate in European integration has been the most important issue in national politics since the Second World War. The current Norwegian method of European integration lies between the alternatives of full membership and withdrawal from the EEA. At the same time, Norways non-membership of the EU understood as economically sensible for a country rich on natural resources is seen by most of the EU members as an indicator of self-reliance and national independence which suggests cultural introversion and a lack of need to actively trade and communicate in cultural, scientific and commercial matters with the rest of Europe. Despite this quite false picture that is developing, are Norwegians as Eurosceptic as we often think? In light of this, I have identified four arguments against the standard story of Norwegian Euroscepticism: High degree of integration with European markets when looking at the share of import and export from/to EU of total (2000-2009); High degree of compliance with EU Norms, revealed through the percentage of EU directives not transported (EU and EEA scoreboards) between 1997-2009; Considerable pragmatism by Norwegian political parties (i.e. there is a difference between talking and acting). All parties have governed on the EEA and if it was not supported, at least it was accepted as a compromise; Norwegian citizens have average attitudes towards European unification (European Social Survey 2008). Thus, a general lesson for the study of Euroscepticism is that it fails to grasp the distinction between opposition to European integration and opposition to EU membership. It tends to overemphasize the significance of formal membership and ignore many different Norwegian ties to the EU. Membership is not so much a question about the EU, but primarily about domestic issues in Norway, as in most of the member states.

Nursing and Theory

Theories and models of nursing practice Dr. Sabah Abbas Ahmad College of Nursing university of Baghdad Sabah. [email  protected] com COMPETENCIES 1. Definitions of theory, concept, model, proposition. 2. Explain the relationships of concepts and propositions to theory 3. Discuss the purpose of theory. 4. Explain the USE OF theories from other disciplines: . .5. Explain the interdependent roles of nursing practice, nursing theory, and nursing research. .6. History and evolution of nursing theory 7. Identify m Common concept in nursing Theories. 8.Identify the three categories relating to the scope of theories. .. – Theories and models of nursing practice Introduction: Nursing theory provides a perspective from which to define the what of nursing, to describe the who of nursing (who is the client) and when nursing is needed, and to identify the boundaries and goals of nursing’s therapeutic activities. Theory is fundamental to effective nursing practice and research. Th e professionalization of nursing has been and is being brought about through the development and use of nursing theory.The basic elements that structure a nursing theory are concepts and propositions. In a theory, propositions represent how concepts affect each other. A concept is the basic building block of a theory. Definitions – A concept : Is a vehicle of thought? According to Chinn and Kramer (1995, p. 78), the refers to a â€Å"complex mental formulation of †¦ our Perceptions of an observable fact that term concept the world. † A concept labels or names a phenomenon, can be perceived through the senses and explained.A concept assists us in formulating a mental image about an object or situation. Concepts help us to name things and occurrences in the world around us and assist us in communicating with each other about the world. Independence, self-care, and caring are just a few examples of concepts frequently encountered in health care. Theories are formulat ed by linking concepts together. -A conceptual framework or Model: is a structure that links global concepts together and represents the unified whole of a larger reality.The specifics about phenomena within the global whole are better explained by theory. By its nature, a concept is a socially constructed label that may represent more than a single phenomenon. For example, when you hear the word chair, a mental image that probably comes to mind is an item of furniture used for sitting. The word chair could represent many different kinds of furniture for sitting, such as a desk chair, a high chair, or an easy chair . It is important to remember that the same concept may be used differently in various theories.For example, one nursing theory may use the concept of environment to mean all that surrounds a human being (the external environment), whereas another theory may use this concept to mean the external environment and all the biological and psychological components of the person (the internal environment). – What Is a Proposition? A proposition: (another structural element of a theory) is a statement that proposes a relationship between concepts. An example of a nonnursing proposition might be the statement â€Å"people seem to be happier in the springtime. This proposition establishes a relationship between the concept of happiness and the time of the year. A nursing propositional statement linking the concept of helplessness and the concept of loss might be stated as â€Å"multiple and rapid losses predispose one to feelings of helplessness. † Propositional statements in a theory represent the theorist’s particular view of which concepts fit together and, in most theories, establish how concepts affect one another. What Is a Theory? A theory: is a set of concepts and propositions that provide an orderly way to view phenomena.In the scientific literature, Nursing theory is developed to describe the phenomenon (process, occurrence, or event) called nursing. Nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities that in that the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcome of nursing care practices. – â€Å"The purpose of a theory: in scientific disciplines is to guide research to enhance the science by supporting existing knowledge or generating new knowledge†. A theory not only helps us to organize our thoughts and ideas, but it may also help direct us in what to do and when and how to do it.The use of the term theory is not restricted to the scientific world, however. It is often used in daily life and conversation. For example, when telling a friend about a mystery novel you are reading, you may have said, â€Å"I have a theory about who committed the crime. † -USE OF theories from other disciplines: In addition to using theories specifically constructed to describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of concern to nursing, the nursi ng profession has long used theories from other disciplines. A discipline : is a field of study.Theories from biological, physical, and behavioral sciences are commonly used in the practice of nursing. For example, nonnursing theories such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs, Erikson’s Theory of Human Development, and Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome have been and continue to be useful in nursing practice. These nonnursing theories are often incorporated into nursing practice together with specific nursing theories. – – Importance of nursing theories ;in clinical practice: Nursing theories provide a framework for thought in which to examine situations.As new situations are encountered, this framework provides a structure for organization, analysis, and decision making. In addition, nursing theories provide a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the discipline of nursing in clarifying beliefs, values, and goals, and they help to define the unique contribution of nursing in the care of clients. When the focus of nursing’s contribution is clear, then greater professional autonomy and, ultimately, control of certain aspects of practice are achieved.In the broadest sense, nursing theory is necessary for the continued development and evolution of the discipline of nursing. Because the world of health care changes virtually on a daily basis, nursing needs to continue to expand its knowledge base to proactively respond to changes in societal needs. Knowledge for nursing practice is developed through nursing research that, in turn, is used to either test existing theories or generate new theories. Nursing Practice Nursing research Nursing theory Process of knowledge development. Nursing practice, theory, and research are interdependent.Nursing theory development and nursing research activities are directed toward developing nursing practi ce standards . Nurses may use a specific nursing theory to help guide their practice or may choose a more eclectic approach and adopt ideas from several theories. Both of these approaches are valid. Furthermore, nurses may find some theories more appropriate for certain situations. In that case, one theory can be used with a client in a home health care setting, whereas another theory may be more applicable to a client in an acute care environment.Regardless of the approach chosen, nurses will recognize the value and usefulness of nursing theory as a tool for effective nursing practice. Common concept in nursing Theories: Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are: 1-The person (patient) 3- Health and 4- Nursing Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist, and although these concepts are common to all nursing theories, both the definition and the relations among them may differ from one theory to another .Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person . The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or Theory, is the person. Relationship of theory to nursing process: Professional nurses use theories from nursing and from the behavioral sciences to collect, organize, and classify patient data and to understand, analyze, and interpret patients' health situations.Theoretical concepts and theories guide all phases of the nursing process, including planning, implementing, and evaluating nursing care, while also describing and explaining desired responses to and outcomes of care. The major concepts of a chosen model or theory guide each of the nursing process . The concepts serve as categories to the nurse in determining what information is relevant and should be collected to make assessments and to formulate nursing diagnoses.The concepts also suggest the appropriate types of nursing interventions and patient outcomes to be included in the care plan. Types of theories: â €Å"Although theories address relatively specific and concrete phenomena, they vary in scope. Scope refers to the relative level of substantive specificity of a theory and the concreteness of its concepts and propositions† three different categories relate to the scope of theories: grand theories, middle-range theories, and micro-range theories.This classification is applicable to both nursing and nonnursing theories. 1- A grand theory is composed of concepts representing global and extremely complex phenomena. It is the broadest in scope, represents the most abstract level of development, and addresses the broad phenomena of concern within the discipline. Typically, a grand theory is not intended to provide guidance for the formation of specific nursing interventions, but rather provides an overall framework for structuring broad, abstract ideas (Fawcett, 1993).An example of a grand theory is Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. 2- Middle-Range Theory : A theor y that addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena than a grand theory is known as a middle-range theory. Descriptions, explanations, and predictions put forth in a middle-range theory are intended to answer questions about nursing phenomena, yet they do not cover the full range of phenomena of concern to the discipline. A middle- ange theory provides a perspective from which to view complex situations and a direction for interventions (Fawcett, 1993). An example of a middlerange theory is Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. 3- A micro-range theory is the most concrete and narrow in scope. A micro- range theory explains a specific phenomenon of concern to the discipline (Fawcett, 1993), such as the effect of social supports on grieving and would establish nursing care guidelines to address the problem. History and evolution of nursing theory The work of early nursing theorists in the 1950s focused on the tasks of nursing practice from a somewhat mechan istic viewpoint. Because of this emphasis, much of the art of nursing—the value of caring, the relationship aspects of nursing, and the esthetics of practice—was diminished. During the decades of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, many nursing theorists struggled with making nursing practice, theory, and research fit into the then prevailing view of science.Reflecting changes in global awareness of health care needs, several contemporary nursing theorists have projected a new perspective for nursing that truly unifies the notion of nursing as both an art and a science. Noted nursing theorists such as Leininger, Watson, Rogers, Parse, and Newman have been urging the discipline of nursing to embrace this new emerging view that is seen as more holistic, humanistic, client focused, and grounded in the notion of caring as the core of nursing.Since the early 1950s, many nursing theories have been systematically developed to help describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of conc ern to nursing. Each of these established theories provides a unique perspective and each is distinct and separate from other nursing theories in its particular view of nursing phenomena. REFERENCES Leahy,j. ,Kizilay,P. : Foundations of nursing practice; Nursing process Approach, New York, W. B. Saunders, 2005 White, L. : Foundations of Nursing: Caring the Whole Person, NewYork, Thomson Learning, 2001