The United States And China - 2217 Words

The United States and China have had a long history of diplomatic relations in the past few hundred years. Their history can go as far back to when the U.S. was a newly founded country back in the late 18th century but within the past century, these two countries have faced more difficulties on what their governments see eye-to-eye over. Prior to World War II the relationship between the United States and China was neutral, and the two countries did not face a major change until the dispute between the Nationalists and Communists in the 1940’s. Initially, the United States tried to refrain from politically interfering too much in the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and Communists. Although this was the case, the U.S. began to†¦show more content†¦The Communist Party won clear victories throughout the rest of the war from this point on. Before Mao Zedong drove the Nationalists away from mainland, a U.S. ambassador at the time named John Leighton met with som e of the communist leaders to discuss the United States recognizing PRC, but these negotiations failed when the Chinese communist government leaned more with Soviet Russia (Neenan). When the People’s Republic of China was founded, the United States and China went through three period; containment, rapprochement, and full diplomatic relations. The containment period started in 1949 with the rise of the PRC until sometime around 1969. This period consisted of the United States trying to destabilize and weaken the Chinese communist government as the leaders in D.C. felt that China threatened the security of their noncommunist neighbors in the region. There were multiple military alliances that the U.S. created along China’s eastern and southern borders such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. And even in some instances, the U.S. would aid certain groups that were trying to fight off the Chinese military, such as what the CIA did for the Tibetan resistance in the mid 1950â €™s. Washington also encouraged their allies to refrain from entering into diplomatic relations with Beijing as well as prohibiting their own citizens from visiting the country. A short period of time after this, the United States also orchestrated an international embargo

The University Of Toronto And Sheridan - 1972 Words

Currently, my financial situation has left me feeling very constrained. Due to the workload and need to fully immerse myself in my studies, I am unable to work a full time or part time job. That is not to say that it is impossible, but I have spent my entire adult life striving for the best when it comes to academia. Seven years ago, I finished my studies at the University of Toronto and Sheridan (it was a joint BA/Diploma program) for Art and Art History. I spent the first two years balancing school life and a part-time job, and while my grades were above average, they did not reach the standard I had set for myself. Once I made the decision to only work during the summer breaks, and completely devote the rest of the year to school, my†¦show more content†¦I was able to finish ADSP without acquiring any debt. I know, realistically, I will acquire debt during my three year stay at George Brown for the American Sig Language (ASL) - English Interpreter Program (AEIP), and I kn ow that is completely normal for a student; however, I would like to have a debt that is as small and manageable as possible.†¨Currently, I live with my mother, so I have been able to avoid issues of having to pay downtown Toronto rent, as some of my classmates. I am aware that I have somewhat of an advantage, as my rent and my food expenses are not as high as some, but every time I have to rely on my mother for financial assistance, it breaks my heart. My mother is a retired widow, who lost her husband, my father, seven years ago, and ever since then, money has been tighter than it was prior to his passing. She has lowered my rent and my food expenses significantly in order to help me get through school with only having to work summer jobs. But even with her help, which has been tremendous, I still find myself constantly stressing over how I will buy my textbooks, GO transit, or how I will pay for voluntary lectures and presentations that we are not required to attend, but it is strongly recommended. Before I started AEIP, I always heard students joking about how impossible it is to work and go to school at the same time because of

Information Technology inTunstall Healthcare †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology inTunstall Healthcare. Answer: Introduction One of the mandatory and the must have elements for the companies and firms of the modern era is the Information Technology which is normally referred and abbreviated as IT. IT has become a significant and essential component which is the base for the business operations that are carried out. There are hundreds and millions of companies that are set up in numerous business sectors and areas. Few decades ago, these organizations used to work on the manual guidelines and the entire set of activities was manually done. With the introduction of IT, these practices saw a changeover and the manual processes began to be gradually replaced by automation. There are certain organizations that are completely based upon automation in the present times which has been made possible by IT. One of the business sectors that has made use of and implemented several IT components in its business is Healthcare. Need of IT in Business Australia is home to numerous organizations that have been set up and work in the field of healthcare. One of the most reputed organizations is Tunstall Healthcare. It is the organization that deals in to the health solutions and services and provides the same to the people of Australia. It also arranges for the medical tools and equipment as required by the people. When Tunstall was set up, there were lesser number of customers that were engaged with it and there were also fewer health conditions as compared to the present scenario. With the passage of time, Tunstall expanded its services which led to the growth in terms of the customer base. Also, there are newer health problems and conditions that the people now face and the need for healthcare is very significant. Due to these reasons it becomes necessary to have a strong IT base to deal with the customer traffic (Tunstallhealthcare, 2017). Tunstall does not deal with a single line of operation or only one category of service or activity. Rather, there are multiple business lines that run at once which makes it necessary to be done correctly. All of these tasks and requirements are accomplished with the involvement of IT. Importance of IT IT holds a lot of significance for each of the business process and activity that is associated and is carried out in Tunstall Healthcare. The numbers of customers that are linked and are associated with Tunstall are huge. These customers seek for the health services and solutions that are reliable and accurate and are also provided in a quick turnaround time. All of these qualities and expectations can only be met through IT tools and services. Apart from the medical services and activities, there are also other tasks that are completed by IT such as management of information, storage of information, maintenance of relationship with the customers, processing and tracking of medical supplies etc (Schubert, 2007). Use of IT in Business Gone are the days when the traditional services and practices such as obtaining an appointment from a doctor by visiting a medical clinic and standing in long queues to wait for the turn for consultation and diagnosis were present. The customers and the patients wish to obtain medical care sitting at home and wish to visit a hospital or a medical centre only when it is absolutely necessary. Bookings and reservations are also done in advance through automated systems. These services and abilities will be provided to Tunstall Healthcare only with the application of IT. Advancements in the field of medicine and healthcare are being made rapidly. These advancements are being done in the areas of development of drugs along with the predictive analysis in relation with the health condition of an individual. IT tools and applications are used and applied in both of these areas to ensure that the organization does not lag behind in terms of the technical developments and advancements. Tunstall Healthcare has been set up with the aim to provide advanced health services and solutions. It will be necessary for the organization to serve its customer well and to make sure that any of the queries and demands of the customers are easily and quickly met. These activities will be made possible with the use of IT through the tools such as customer relationship management. There are also analysis tools that are available to analyze the customer information for better results. Tunstall Healthcare manages and stores a wide variety of information. This information includes the various sets and categories such as critical and sensitive information along with patient details, details of the medical staff members, medical reports and records and a lot more. This information is critical in nature and it will be necessary to manage it efficiently. The task can be easily done through the application of IT tools. Any of the organizations cannot functional well if it does not include effective planning and estimations. The same holds true for Tunstall Healthcare as well. The automated IT tools will make sure that the planning along with tasks such as estimation of budget and its design is accurately done (Ogbomo, 2008). Benefits and Advantages of IT IT will make it possible for Tunstall to have all of its information at one place. In this manner, the staff members will be able to access the desired information quickly and the data will also be safe as there will be many copies of the data and information that will be created. The practice will lead to the overall improvement of information organization which will have positive impact on the service quality. The health solutions and services that are provided by Tunstall are increasing and upgrading every day. The IT tools will make it possible to introduce the elements of agility and flexibility in the organization processes and will make it possible to have systems that have good processing speed as well. The application and implementation of the IT tools will allow Tunstall to earn better profits and revenues. It is because of the reason that Tunstall will have better information managements and storage in place. Also, the services and solutions that will be provided will also be streamlined. In such a manner, the quality of the services that will be provided will be improved and also the availability will be improved. This will make it possible to have the better feedback from the customers. The revenues and profits will accordingly increase and move up the scale. Use and application of IT will ease the processes and the number of operations that are otherwise required to be carried out by the employees and members of staff. The employee satisfaction and engagement with the organization will therefore improve by considerable margins. Currently, there are many tasks and activities that are executed and carried out in Tunstall. Not all of these activities are essential. There are certain activities that are totally unnecessary as well. Application of IT will provide an opportunity to distinguish between such activities that are essential and the ones that are required to be discontinued. Risks and Concerns IT is a tool that can be powerful and useful if implemented correctly. However, it can bring in many disadvantages and errors if there are execution and occurrences of risks in association with IT. Information is the key in these conditions wherein the successful protection of information will allow the benefits and profits to be earned and vice versa (Deshpande, 2014). There are many properties of information and the sensitivity of the same further increases in case of health care. Health information cannot be handed over or allowed to be accessed by the entities that are not authorized to do so. There may be risks and errors that may be executed to various properties of the information. The impacts that may result out from these risks can be extremely severe depending upon the information class and category that has been affected. One of the essential properties of information is its confidentiality and the confidentiality of the health information is of prime importance and significance. However, it is negatively impacted by the execution of many attacks such as breaching, eavesdropping, spoofing, phishing etc. that may violate the information confidnetiality (Acs, 2016). The impacts that may result out from these risks can be extremely severe depending upon the information class and category that has been affected. One of the essential properties of information is its integrity and the integrity of the health information is of prime importance and significance. For instance, it will be a fatal error if the value of a particular health sign of an individual is different in the copies of the medical records of the same person at the same time. The entire organization will be put at stake due to such errors and risks and the same may be attempted by the attackers with an attempt to alter the information contents and properties. There is no choice or preference that may be given to the availability of the health information. The requirements to avail the health process may be demanded by the individual at any time and there may also be urgent and immediate requirements that may come up (Dsci, 2017). However, the attackers may target the information availability of the health data and services provided by Tunstall by introducing many of the flooding attacks. Management and Monitoring of IT It will be very essential to make sure that the IT tools and packages that are used and implemented in Tunstall are monitored correctly. Also, it will be essential to make sure that the management of these tools and processes is correctly and adequately done. Monitoring and management of IT refers to the processes that Tunstall and the leadership associated with the organization must carry out. There shall be regular steps that shall be executed to ensure that the IT processes are executed correctly. Many verification and validation steps shall therefore be initiated included the formal and informal review sessions, inspections and walkthroughs. One on one discussions with the system engineers shall also be made (Diplomacy, 2017). The IT tools that will be installed in the organization will be new in terms of their operations. The staff members may therefore cause some of the operational mistakes and it will be necessary to make sure that these operational mistakes are avoided. The organization shall therefore arrange for the training sessions for the staff members so that the errors are avoided. These training sessions and their effectiveness shall also be monitored by the senior management (Unidir, 2011). Many of the security risks and vulnerabilities that have been listed above shall be controlled and there shall be monitoring on the security maintenance and mechanisms that shall also be carried out. It may be possible that the IT tools and processes require upgrades to be installed which shall be done so that none of the security risks and attacks may take place. Also, the technical controls and logical measures shall also be taken to put a check on these occurrences (Fireye, 2016). Conclusion IT is a mandate for the organizations and agencies set up in the current era. Tunstall Healthcare is the organization that deals in to the health solutions and services and provides the same to the people of Australia. It also arranges for the medical tools and equipment as required by the people. When Tunstall was set up, there were lesser number of customers that were engaged with it and there were also fewer health conditions as compared to the present scenario. With the passage of time, Tunstall expanded its services which led to the growth in terms of the customer base. Also, there are newer health problems and conditions that the people now face and the need for healthcare is very significant. Due to these reasons it becomes necessary to have a strong IT base to deal with the customer traffic. There are many properties of information and the sensitivity of the same further increases in case of health care. Health information cannot be handed over or allowed to be accessed by th e entities that are not authorized to do so. It brings up several risks and occurrences that may be executed by the attackers. These risks shall be controlled by adequate measures. References Acs (2016). Cybersecurity Threats Challenges Opportunities. [online] Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-publications/ACS_Cybersecurity_Guide.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Deshpande, V. (2014). Cyber Security: Strategy to Security Challenges- A Review. [online] Available at: https://www.ijeit.com/Vol%203/Issue%209/IJEIT1412201403_47.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Diplomacy (2017). Cybersecurity: Issues, Actors and Challenges. [online] Available at: https://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files/Cybersecurity_briefing_note_final.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Dsci (2017). Cyber Security Challenges | Data Security Council of India. [online] Dsci.in. Available at: https://www.dsci.in/taxonomypage/241 [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Fireeye (2016). Cybersecurity Challenges, Risks, Trends, and Impacts: Survey Findings. [online] Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/whitepapers/Cybersecurity-Challenges-Survey-Findings.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Ogbomo, M. (2008). Importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Making a Heathy Information Society: A Case Study of Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, Monday Obaidjevwe Ogbomo, Esoswo Francisca Ogbomo. [online] Webpages.uidaho.edu. Available at: https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ogbomo2.htm [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Schubert, P. (2007). Importance and Use of Information Technology in Small and Medium Sized Companies. [online] Taylor Francis. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10196780601136799 [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Tunstallhealthcare (2017). Tunstall Healthcare. [online] Tunstallhealthcare.com.au. Available at: https://www.tunstallhealthcare.com.au/ [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Unidir (2011). Challenges in Cybersecurity Risks, Strategies, and Confidence-Building. [online] Available at: https://www.unidir.org/files/medias/pdfs/conference-report-eng-0-373.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017].

Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society

Innovation is the process through which new ideas, products and methods are introduced. This new ideas and products are believed to have a positive impact on the society. Governments from all over the world have been encouraging their citizens to be innovative, especially the youth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to encourage innovation among young people, governments have come up with curriculums that encourage innovation. We are all encouraged to embrace innovations that will be able to help us change our lives in a positive way. The statement â€Å"I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident, but by working hard† goes to show that innovations just don’t occur by accident. People work hard and invest a lot of money and time. Innovation is a process that requires a lot of patience and creativity. Innovation is a process that has ups and downs. An innovative person never gives up. A good example in this case is Thomas Edison who invented the light bulb. Before inventing the light bulb, Thomas went through a hard time. He was forced to work hard and would spend some of his nights working instead of resting. He failed a lot of times but he never gave up. He kept on working hard and with time he was able to invent the light bulb. It was then that he came up with the now famous quote in which he says that he never failed and that he only discovered 10000 ways through which a light bulb cannot work. It was through hard work, patience and persistence that he was able to invent the light bulb. By inventing the light bulb he was able to change the lives of many people. Role of strategic gateways Research has shown that most companies have problems bringing in new products into the market even after spending a lot of money in the development and launching of these products. Research has shown that these products fail while in the market. Some of these products never even make it to the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A stage gate model is a system that that is supposed to help move a new product from an idea to the launch of the product. The Stage gate model divides this process into various activities (stages) and decisions points (gates). Why and when it is used? The stage gate model is used to manage the risks that are associated with the development of new products. This is because the product development and innovation process faces a number of risks. It is through this model, that these risks can be assessed. The stage gate model also minimises the chance of something going wrong along the way. How does it work? The system works by managing the risks associated with product development and product innovation. The p eople in charge of the project will gather information needed to move the project from one stage to another. The information gathered will range from financial information to market information. The expenditures incurred will increase as the project moves from one stage to another. Key stages of the project are separated to help the management understand the product innovation and development process. The proposed product is carefully scrutinised at each stage and the management is advised on when to abort the project if it fails to meet the set objectives. This essay on Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society was written and submitted by user Celia Simmons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura †Philosophy Essay

The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura Philosophy Essay Erotic desire in Phaedrus, and De Rerum Natura is intrinsically connected with pleasure. But had Plato examined De Rerum, and Lucretius, Phaedrus, they would have been troubled by the place and role of erotic desire in the other’s work. Superficially, erotic desire in the two works differs little; both would appear to the undiscriminating reader as a variance of lust, or perhaps love. But on a deeper level, when comparing the importance of erotic desire in the works, and the relation to the conception and attainment of the summum bonum, the greatest good, ideological conflicts are revealed. The differences between the place, conception, and role of erotic desire in the two works are determined by the view of the summum bonum, which largely hinges on the question of the mortality of the soul. To get a firm grasp of the topic, it is useful to first look of the two author’s definitions of erotic desire, with short expositions on the place and role of erotic desire in the two works, irrespective of each other. What is erotic desire in Plato’s Phaedrus? Erotic desire, as defined in Socrates’ Second Speech, is: â€Å"†¦ the fourth kind of madness- that which someone shows when he sees the beauty we have down here and is reminded of true beauty; then he takes wing and flutters in his eagerness to rise up, but is unable to do so; and he gazes aloft, like a bird, paying no attention to what is down below†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (37) Erotic desire is a kind of ‘madness’ brought on by the recollection of ‘true beauty’. With Plato, erotic desire exists in a world where immortal forms are the ideal. Erotic desire is the manifestation of the longing for those perfect forms. The summum bonum is the knowledge of the truth, represented by the forms, and erotic desire is the feeling brought on in the physical world by the recollection of those forms. It is important to note the reaction of the man ‘reminded of true beauty’, and its relation to the definition of erotic desire. The man’s reaction is the first step in a process which Plato refers to as, â€Å"lov[ing] boys philosophically† (36). It is not the path of the man who â€Å"surrenders to pleasure and sets out in the manner of a four-footed beast† (39). The ideal relationship, in which a man ‘loves boys philosophically’, is never consummated, though those that love ambitiously are only a step or two below the ideal (48). This implies, since both begin the ascent back into ‘heaven’, that the erotic desire and the close relationship results, rather than strict philosophy, is the most important mechanism for the regrowth of the soul’s wings and the return to ‘Reality’. This clarifies the concept of erotic desire somewhat. Erotic desire becomes a love for another person, a love that leads one to look for a higher truth, no matter the circumstance. Man on earth is incomplete, he has lost the sense of truth and virtue he had while in ‘Reality’. Erotic desire becomes a desire for completeness that is achieved through union with another. The summum bonum is this completeness, this knowledge of the truth. But what of â€Å"practice[ing] philosophy without guile†, the other way that Socrates mentions the soul can regrow its wings? The philosopher is already as complete as possible, â€Å"since [the philosopherâ €™s mind’s] memory always keeps it as close as possible to those realities† (37). What place does erotic desire have in Plato’s Phaedrus? Erotic desire has a central place in the philosophy of Phaedrus. Socrates’s second speech, where erotic desire is discussed, occupies the literal center of the dialogue. However, erotic desire’s importance is more than just nominal; erotic desire is key to the philosophy of Socrates’s second speech. Socrates’ proof begins: â€Å"Every soul is immortal. That is because whatever is always in motion is immortal, while what moves, and is moved by, something else stops living when it stops moving.† (29) Motion is connected with life; immortality, with perpetual motion. The speech of Socrates is based on this principle, which proves the immortality of the soul. Motion is the important element to focus on. Erotic desire is the manifestation of the longing for the perfect forms that define the immortal soul’s existence; in Platonic terms, the forms exist in the collective as ‘Reality’ (34). The knowledge of these forms, and the sight of them in ‘heaven’ is the Socratean summum bonum. Truth is the greatest good, and erotic desire leads to truth. The soul’s attraction to the truth, in Plato’s terms, ‘forms’ and ‘Reality’, is paralleled by the body’s attraction to reminders of these things, in this case, the erotic desire for ‘beautiful boy’. Erotic desire is essentially a force for motion toward the forms. Since Socrates describes erotic desire earlier as, â€Å"tak[ing] its name from th e word for force†, this should be no surprise (18). It is a natural desire for the soul to want to move toward the forms, as Socrates says that the mind of the soul is â€Å"nourished by intelligence and pure knowledge† (33). ‘Nourish’ connects the forms and the soul in a physical way, in a way equational to the connection between the man and the ‘beautiful boy’. What is erotic desire in Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura? Lucretius defines erotic desire in different terms than Plato. Erotic desire is the â€Å"mind’s wound†, when man’s body, â€Å"strives for union with [her body], wants to fill that body with his own, pour out that seed into the other†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (149). For Lucretius, erotic desire contains elements of lust; it is a hopelessly physical attraction. Throughout the work, Lucretius talks of seeds, most notably with reference to atoms, and the theme continues through his discussion of erotic desire, â€Å"once we are men mature and strong, becomes an active force, compulsive, driving† (149). The ‘seed’ is the ‘driving’ force behind erotic desire in the work. There is no pretense of a higher love in De Rerum, no mention of souls, or wings or forms, but as Lucretius’s focus in his work is on the mortality of the soul, the transience of existence, there is no pla ce for such things. The main unit of Socrates’s world is the soul, while the main unit of Lucretius’s world is the atom. Both units are immortal, but only Socrates’s unit allows for an individual, perpetual existence. Erotic desire has a place in the Lucretian world view, but not a major one. Insofar as the Lucretian philosophy looks to maximize pleasure, erotic desire can bring pleasure, but remember that the greatest pleasure, the summum bonum, is the absence of all pain. Erotic desire can be the first step down into the abyss of â€Å"passionate love† (150). As Lucretius says, â€Å"What could be more contrary to nature? Nothing else inflames us, once we have it, with desire of more and more and more† (151). Love has the potential for immense pain along with its pleasure, and immense pain is exactly what Lucretius looks to avoid. Love is unnatural, not only through its ‘desire of more and more and more’, but also through the pain it almost always brings. What is more unnatural in the Lucretian system than the seeking out of pain? But the danger of falling in love is not enough for Lucretius to counsel against erotic desire, represented by Venus, â€Å"Avoiding passionate love, you need not miss all the rewards of Venus† (150). Lucretius is direct in his ‘prescription’, â€Å"The only thing to do is to confuse the issue, cure the hurt by many more- what does the adage say, Safety in hordes? Ah, that’s the right prescription† (150). Love is like a sickness, also the â€Å"germinal seeds of madness†, and must be treated with a ‘prescription’ (150). The ‘prescription’ is promiscuous sex, which stands opposed to Socrate’s condemnation of those who ‘set out in the manner of the four-footed beast’. How does the role of erotic desire differ between Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura? Erotic desire fits into the two works differently, and this is largely the result of differences in the two works’ conception of pleasure. Socrates says, â€Å"the truth is my subject,† and it is the truth, in the shape of the forms, that is the ultimate pleasure in Phaedrus (34). The result is a more abstract view of the pleasure in erotic desire; it is very much connected with the idea of forms, and the recollection of the ‘truth’ brought on by the ‘beautiful boy’. It is also one of the few ways the soul can regrow its wings, and ascend back into the realm of ‘Reality’. Erotic desire is key to the world view of Socrates’s Second Speech. Within Socrates’s concept of erotic desire is a firm belief in the immortality of the soul; erotic desire allows the fallen to rise again, it is a redeeming force. But Lucretius goes to great pai ns to prove the mortality of the soul, and thus erotic desire plays a somewhat different role in De Rerum. The soul is instead replaced by ‘seeds’, and their physical connotation. Lucretius compares erotic desire to the â€Å"mind’s wound†, and much like blood spurts from the body’s wound, the seed spurts from the mind’s. Erotic desire is a physical pleasure, in a world where everything is physical, and it is only one of a multitude of physical pleasures. But more crucial is that in the work of Lucretius, the summum bonum is the absence of all pain. This is in contrast to the Socratean summum bonum of knowledge of the ‘truth’. Socrates’s philosophy accepts that pain can follow erotic desire; he makes clear that it is a pain of the soul, â€Å"[the wing’s] feathers prick[ing] at its passageway† brought on by the absence of the ‘beautiful boy’ (40). Because the soul is immortal, pain in the present can be endured for the greater everlasting pleasure. All this pain is endured for the greatest good. Lucretius’s philosophy is consistent with the delay of gratification for a greater pleasure, but the soul in Lucretius is mortal and erotic desire provides no such opportunity. Though in Lucretius, erotic desire is a perfectly legitimate pleasure, so long as it does not develop into ‘passionate love’, which carries the potential for great pain. In a superficial way, relative to a discussion of immortal forms, Lucretius views erotic desire as a force that distorts the truth, as it causes the lover to overlook flaws in their love. It may seem obvious, but pleasure and erotic desire are inextricably linked. Imagine the discussion between the two writers; focus on the intensity of it. See how deep into their philosophies erotic desire gets them? It gets to the heart of the matter, to the ‘greatest good’, and the mortality of the soul. How is the summum bonum to be achieved? Is a part of us immortal? The two men would have disagreed. The soul is immortal for Plato, and mortal for Lucretius. Plato’s ideal is a man full of erotic desire, of that ‘passionate love’ which Lucretius denounces, but his soul will be the better for it, because it leads him to a greater good. The man of Lucretius would see no higher good in erotic desire, just a pleasure with pitfalls. For Plato, erotic desire leads to the truth, but for Lucretius it leads astray. As the two works, in the discussion of erotic desire, seem to be defined by the question of the mortality of the soul, the works, in this light, provide insight into how crucial a role time, or the lack of it, plays in the conception of the summum bonum. There is a troubling undercurrent that runs through both works. In this context, both works imply the instability of human experience. In Plato, the soul exists in the perfect world of forms, and then falls into the imperfect world of man; the cycle repeats endlessly. For Lucretius, man may take pleasure in the moment, but pain is always around the corner. Though ideologically different, both philosophers accept that stability is difficult to realize. Again, the issue hinges on the mortality of the soul, because stability can only ultimately be achieved in death. Research Papers on The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura - Philosophy EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

25 Subordinating Conjunctions

25 Subordinating Conjunctions 25 Subordinating Conjunctions 25 Subordinating Conjunctions By Mark Nichol If you’re having trouble developing sentences with sufficient variety to keep your writing fresh, take a ride on A WHITE BUS. No, I’m not shouting at you; A WHITE BUS is a mnemonic initialism that reminds you about a set of conjunctions with which you can begin dependent clauses. (A dependent clause is a phrase that must be attached to an independent clause a series of words that can stand on its own as a sentence to make grammatical sense.) Below, you’ll find the words or phrases that the letters in A WHITE BUS represent, and sample sentences in which they’re employed. A 1. â€Å"After dinner, we’ll go see a movie.† 2. â€Å"Although I’d rather not, I’ll make an exception.† 3. â€Å"As you know, she’s rather eccentric.† W 4. â€Å"When we’re done, let’s get some ice cream.† 5. â€Å"Whenever I go, I try to see something I’ve never seen before.† 6. â€Å"Whether or not you agree, I think it looks fine.† 7. â€Å"Where I go, they always have sales.† 8. â€Å"Wherever I go, I try to enjoy myself.† 9. â€Å"While I’m there, I play music on a jukebox.† H 10. â€Å"How is it that even though you go there all the time, you’ve never noticed that before?† I 11. â€Å"If you find out, please let me know.† 12. â€Å"In case you hadn’t heard, I couldn’t care less.† 13. â€Å"In order to enjoy your trip, take your time and enjoy the sights.† T 14. â€Å"That I like wearing red that has never been in dispute.† 15. â€Å"Though I’m flexible, I draw the line about that.† E 16. â€Å"Even if it is true, I’ll forgive him.† 17. â€Å"Even though I’d heard the song before, I hadn’t known who sang it.† 18. â€Å"Ever since I met her, I haven’t been able to think about anything else.† B 19. â€Å"Because I’ve been there before, I’d rather go somewhere else.† 20. â€Å"Before I saw the house, I was ready to just rent an apartment.† U 21. â€Å"Unless you’re willing to wait, you’ll have to come back tomorrow.† 22. â€Å"Until we find it, we can’t leave.† S 23. â€Å"Since then, I’ve had a different opinion of him.† 24. â€Å"So sure were you of your theory about them, you ignored evidence that you were wrong.† 25. â€Å"So that I’m sure I understand you, please repeat what you said.† Sometimes, ON, representing â€Å"only if† (â€Å"Only if I get to drive will I go with you†) and â€Å"now that† (â€Å"Now that we understand each other, things are much better†) precedes A WHITE BUS in the mnemonic phrase. Note, too, that the order in which the dependent and independent clauses appear can be reversed (though often, the comma separating the clauses is then not necessary). However, because the independent clause generally contains the essential information, the sentence is usually more effective when the independent clause trails the dependent clause. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Grammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

What Are the Attributes of a Good Supervisor Research Paper

What Are the Attributes of a Good Supervisor - Research Paper Example A good supervisor should be discreet, impartial, and hardworking; for he is in charge of several employees. Employees develop conflicts of interest and it is the jurisdiction of a supervisor to ensure that all the employees work as a team. On condition that a supervisor is self-driven and treats his employees well and without partiality; then it means that they will eventually work hard and exploit their potential fully. This is a positive attitude towards the success of an organization. For instance, promotion should be awarded to the hardworking employees but not to relatives or corrupt officials. Not all supervisors are good, some have developed undesirable habits in the process of running their organizations where they don’t observe equality and they further appoint their employees using the cache system. Here, merit to the position under concern is not considered but a person is employed on a kinship basis. Others are corrupt and receive bribes so as execute some of their duties which are supposed to be their responsibility. First, a good supervisor should possess’ excellent organizational skills for he is the person who is responsible for organizing business meetings with several other companies, so he is required to give his secretary instructions on when and where the meeting should be held. In case that an employee is sacked or is not feeling well, then the supervisor has to oversee that a replacement is done before it is too late. It is very important that a supervisor associates with his employees according to the expected norms. He further has the responsibility to ensure that he hires the right person who is competent and well experienced and can sufficiently execute the work as expected. Additionally, a good boss should be very free with his junior’s as good communication facilitates efficiency and effectiveness.  Ã‚  

Organzition and Adminstraion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organzition and Adminstraion - Essay Example This paper looks into the US judicial system in terms of its administration and organization, as well as the various issues and concerns that beset it. Further, this paper presents possible solutions to the issues and concerns, along with an organizational model that would best answer the department’s prevalent concerns. The US federal courts comprise the Judiciary Branch of the government, which is organized under the US Constitution and the laws of the US federal government. The federal government as well as each of the forty-nine states has its own criminal justice system, which all respect the rights of the individual as set forth in the court interpretation of the US Constitution, and as defined in case law (Barnett, 2008). State constitutions and laws provide the definition of the criminal justice system of each state, and delegate the authority and responsibility over criminal justice to various jurisdictions, institutions and officials, as well as provide guidelines and definitions of criminal behaviors, groups of children and acts under the jurisdiction of juvenile courts (Ibid.). Further, for the processing of criminal justice that were not established by the State, municipalities and counties define through local ordinances prescribing the local agencies responsible for such cases. The US Congress, on the other hand, has also established a criminal justice system at the federal level to respond to such crimes as bank robbery, kidnapping, and even transporting stolen goods across states (Ibid.). The US justice system has three main components – the police, the courts and the corrections, reflecting the basic processes that justice is served under the US government. Each component functions a vital part in the whole system and is essentially indispensable. In other words, the system is not complete if any of the three components missing. The US

Tv Production Notes Essay Example for Free

Tv Production Notes Essay A clear understanding of the process message (desired effect) will help you decide on the most appropriate type of production (single-camera or multicamera, studio or field, recorded or live, continuous or discontinuous takes for postproduction) and t he medium requirements. A careful script analysis should lead to a locking-in point- an especially vivid visual or aural image-that determines the subsequent visualizations and sequencing. Visualization (mentally seeing and hearing key images) is crucial for the successful translation of script to screen event. The floor plan or location sketch enables the director to plan camera and talent positions and traffic. The storyboard shows drawings or computer generated images of key visualization points of an event with accompanying audio information as well as the proper sequencing of shots. When preparing the show for the actual production day, you must interpret the floor plan for location sketch and mark the script. The important aspects of god script marking are readability and consistency. Precise and easy-to-read script markings help you and other production personnel anticipate and execute a great variety of cues. The director’s immediate support staff normally compromises a floor manager, a PA (production assistant), and, in larger productions, an AD (associate or assistant director). The facilities request is an essential communication device for procuring the necessary production facilities and equipment. The production schedule shows the preproduction, production, and postproductions dates and who is doing what, when, and where. 9ik The time line shows a breakdown of time blocks for various activities on the actual production day. To facilitate communication between the director and the technical and nontechnical personnel, the director must establish a specific routine and stick to it. E-mail messages must be immediately acknowledged by the recipient. VOCAB: AD: assists the director in all production phases DP: major motion picture production, the DP is responsible for the lighting. In smaller motion picture productions and in EFG, the DP will operate the camera. Facilities Request: a list that contains all tech. facilities needed for a specific production Floor Plan: a diagram of scenery and properties drawn on a grid pattern Location Sketch: a rough map of the locale of a remote shoot. Locking in: an epically vivid mental image-visually or aural during script analysis that determines the visualizations and sequencing. Medium Requirement: all content elements, production elements and people needed to generate the defined process message Process message: the message actually perceived by the viewer in the process of watching a television program. Production Schedule: the calendar that shows the preproduction, production and postproduction dates and who is doing what, when, and where. Sequencing: the control and the structuring of a shot during editing Storyboard: a series of sketches of the key visualization points of an event, with the corresponding audio information Time Line: a breakdown of time blocks for various activities on the actual production day, such as call crew, setup, and camera rehearsal. Visualization: mentally converting a scene into a number of key video images and sounds, not really in sequence.

Discours Des Droits De Lhomme Au Sens Dun Retour A Aristote :: French Philosophy Essays

ABSTRACT: It is interesting to see Aristotle's observation of natural law in order to renew the ideal of law against the Marxist theory of society, to renounce the normative theory of the nation, and to study the liberal theory of information. All this allows us to expect the realization of social justice and human rights from the institutionalization of markets (agora) and the precondition of the boundary of the general culture (paideia), namely the communitarian ethics and the moral reformation against the genealogist tradition. We find in the tradition inaugurated by Aristotle the function of ethical discussion about the common good, thus imbricating the differences stratified by the economic evolution in the polis. La reprà ©sentation simplificatrice de la philosophie moderne comme historicisme, qui retire au droit le rà ´le des normes, devrait susciter chez les nouveaux dà ©fenseurs des droits de l'homme une sympathie à   l'à ©gard des critiques les plus radicaux. Non pas que l'historique doive juger selon les crità ¨res du droit, mais c'est l'histoire elle-mà ªme qui devient "le tribunal du monde", et le droit lui-mà ªme doit à ªtre pensà © à   partir de son insertion dans l'historicità ©. La thà ©orie marxiste de la socià ©tà © renonce à   formuler une thà ©orie normative de l'Etat. La critique marxienne des droits de l'homme s'inscrit dans le projet d'instaurer une domination totale de l'Etat sur la socià ©tà ©. Dans l'organisation des systà ¨mes totalitaires existants, on peut trouver, sur le plan pratique, la preuve que les productions de la subjectività © moderne, loin d'à ªtre à ©mancipatrices, tendent à   asservir l'homme et à   dà ©truire sa dignità ©. Pour rà ©nover l'idà ©e de droit, le retour aux classiques, notamment le retour à   la conception aristotà ©licienne du droit (tà ©moin l'oeuvre de L.Strauss), apparaà ®t le moins contestable. Par la considà ©ration du juste naturel qui est un principe de la loi et du meilleur (juste) rà ©gime, Aristote prend pour norme l'ordre cosmique qui, en tant qu'indà ©pendant du sujet, constitue une dimension de l'objectività ©. Contre le "droit subjectif", le droit naturel antique propose le modà ¨le d'un "droit objectif", qui se laisse bien plutà ´t observer et dà ©couvrir dans la nature. L'observation de la nature rend possible la dà ©termination de ce qui est juste et bon. L'Ethique à   Nicomaque enseigne que si la forme du gouvernement (ou le rà ©gime) varie selon les lieux et les à ©poques - cependant il n'y a qu'une seule forme de gouvernement qui soit à   chaque fois la meilleure selon la nature - le droit naturel concerne ce qu'il y a de meilleur et par rà ©fà ©rence à   quoi on peut contester une organisation à ©ventuellement pire de l'Etat.

History of Panama Canal Essay

Christopher Columbus was on his fourth voyage and he was looking for a way to China. That’s when he came across the country named Panama, which stretches only 60 miles, where he found Indians who had tons of gold. But he was looking for a way to China so he sent his brother Bartholomew to search for more gold. At first Indians were willing to lead the Spaniards to the gold, but eventually they got tired and led the Spanish back to the coast. When the Indians did this they were abused. Eventually the Indians fought back and drove of the Spanish. Balboa is one of the people who found tons of gold and sent it back to Spain, but saved a lot for himself. With his earnings he decided to Balboa decided to settle in Hispaniola as a planter. But after some time he ended up in debt and had to abandon his life as a planter. Trying to escape his creditors Balboa hid in a ship and tried to escape, from Santo Domingo to San Sebastian, and was successful. When they arrived at San Sebastian, they discovered that it had been burned to the ground. Balboa convinced the others to travel southwest with him to a spot he had seen on his earlier expedition. In 1511, Balboa founded a colony, the first European settlement in South America – the town of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien. Balboa married the daughter of Careta, the local Indian chief. Soon after, in 1513, he sailed with hundreds of Spaniards and Indians across the Gulf of Uraba to the Darien Peninsula. Balboa headed an overland expedition west through very dense rainforests. Along the way they fought many local Indians and destroyed one Indian village, killing hundreds of Indians. Balboa was the first European to see the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Balboa and his men then traveled to the ocean and claimed it and all the land that touched it for Spain. The building of the Panama Canal came to light during the 1530’s. As they began to transport their riches back to the Spanish homeland, they were always interested in more efficient routes. It was suggested to Spanish Ruler Charles V that Panama might serve as an ideal place to construct a water passage joining the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This would considerably cut the time it took to otherwise sail around the southern edge of South America. But wars back home put the idea on hold. In 1845 French company called the Compagnie de Panama wanted a railroad built by Colombia across Isthmus and administer it for 99 years. However in 1848 they couldn’t pay for it and lost their rights regarding the railroad. In 1848 the California gold rush occurred. This alone caused heavy traffic across the Isthmus of Panama. Later that year in December, U. S Company, the Panama railroad company negotiated a new contract with Bogota, Colombia to build the railroad across the Isthmus in 6 years. Part of the contract said that the trip would be guaranteed in less than 12 hours. The railroad was built and completed the journey in 4 ? hours. But Matthew Fontaine Maury, leading U. S. government scientist wrote to congress that the railroad Isthmus of Panama will lead to the construction of a ship canal between the two oceans, for a railroad can’t do the business which commerce will require it. Railroad was expensive it cost $250 in gold to ride the 47 miles. It cost 10-15 cents a pound to carry a passenger’s baggage. Express freight and merchandise was charged $1. 80 per cubic foot. Railroad Company made more than $7 million. This was too expensive for normal people and Maury’s words of 1849 came true as men from around the world began to arrive to build the Panama Canal. The first country to try and build the canal was France. Ferdinand de Lesseps, who supervised the Suez Canal, was interested in building the Panama Canal. He joined several French businessmen to form a private company with an impressive name: the Societe Civile Internationale du Canal Interuceanique du Darien. The societe sent Lucien Napoleon- Bon parte Wyse, grandnephew of the 1st French emperor, Napoleon Bon parte to Panama in early November 1876, to survey the site for a canal and, more important, to secure the permission of Colombia for such a project. Colombian government and Wyse had an agreement. That for an initial payment of nearly $200,000 as well as yearly rental fee, societe was granted permission to build and administer a canal for 99 year lease. Colombia gave societe a belt of land 200 meter wide across the entire width of Panama. However at the end of 99 years the canal and land would be returned to Colombia. In 1873 U. S. had conducted surveys of a potential route across Panama, but had rejected it. Wyes never did surveys, and decided to use the notes of U. S. surveys instead. After that he left Panama for home to report to Lesseps. The French plan was simple a channel across the Isthmus at sea level. They would follow a route that ran close to the existing Panama railroad. They planned to use the railroad to transport supplies and haul away the excavated dirt. Once the excavation had reached sea level the canal itself would be dug another 27 ? feet deep, and 72 feet deep at its bottom. They planned to complete the canal in 12 years. However the idea of sea level canal was impossible to achieve. Charges river valley, through which and canal would have to go through stood at an altitude of 80-100 feet above sea level. Nobody including de Lesseps ignored this problem and said it was not serious. However the French never finished the sea level canal. 1000’s of men died of malaria, yellow fever and other diseases. Eventually in 1889 the French court also declared the French canal company was bankrupt. In 1903 Panama declared its independence from Colombia and wins it with the help of U.  S. Soon the Hay- Bunau – Varilla treaty was signed which gave U. S. the right to build a canal through Panama. At this time President Roosevelt was in charge. Roosevelt wanted to build the canal to increase America’s navy power, and it made the trip from the east coast to the west coast of the U. S. much shorter than the route taken around the tip of South America. 1904, the Americans’ first year in Panama, mirrored the French disaster. The chief engineer, John Findlay Wallace, neglected to organize the effort or to develop an action plan. The food was putrid, the living conditions abysmal. Political red tape put a stranglehold on appropriations. Disease struck, and three out of four Americans booked passage home. Engineer Wallace soon followed. The Americans had poured $128 million into the swamps of Panama, to very little effect. Wallace’s replacement was John Stevens. Stevens had built the Great Northern Railroad across the Pacific Northwest. In rough territory from Canada to Mexico, he had proven his tenacity. And his new plan of action would ultimately save the canal. Stevens began work not by digging, but by cleaning. Thanks to the work of WILLIAM GORGAS, the threats of yellow fever and malaria were greatly diminished. Then on February 12, 1907, a dispirited Chief Engineer Stevens resigned, and Goethals took over as the chief engineer. Colonel George Washington Goethals, an Army engineer with experience building lock-type canals, assumed the Chief Engineer’s post. Demanding and rigidly organized, Goethals quickly picked up where Stevens left off. America had to face a couple of problems. First they had to dig at the Culebra Cut, where 100,000,000 cubic yards of earth and rock would have to be removed. The workers there made ten cents an hour — moved as much as 200 trainloads of spoil a day. When mudslides filled the Cut repeatedly, Goethals simply ordered it dug out again. There were accidents of all sorts, lost equipment, and deaths, but there was progress. The engineering problems were enormous. Because the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are at different elevations, a series of three sets of water-filled chambers, called locks, that raise and lower ships from one level to the next, had to be excavated and constructed.

Fractures of the Distal Tibia: Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis

Injury, Int. J. Care Injured (2004) 35, 615—620 Fractures of the distal tibia: minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis D. J. Redfern*, S. U. Syed, S. J. M. Davies Department of Orthopaedics, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey, UK Accepted 9 September 2003 KEYWORDS Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis; Plate ? xation; Fracture; Tibia; Metaphysis Summary Unstable fractures of the distal tibia that are not suitable for intramedullary nailing are commonly treated by open reduction and internal ? ation and/or external ? xation, or treated non-operatively. Treatment of these injuries using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) techniques may minimise soft tissue injury and damage to the vascular integrity of the fracture fragments. We report the results of 20 patients treated by MIPO for closed fractures of the distal tibia. Their mean age was 38. 3 years (range: 17—71 years). Fractures were classi? ed according to the AO system, and intra-articular extension s according to Ruedi and ? Allgower. The mean time to full weight-bearing was 12 weeks (range: 8—20 weeks) and to union was 23 weeks (range: 18—29 weeks), without need for further surgery. There was one malunion, no deep infections and no failures of ? xation. MIPO is an effective treatment for closed, unstable fractures of the distal tibia, avoiding the complications associated with more traditional methods of internal ? xation and/or external ? xation. ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Unstable fractures of the distal tibia with or without intra-articular fracture extension can present a management dilemma. Traditionally, there have been a variety of methods of management described and high rates of associated complications reported. Non-operative treatment can be technically demanding and may be associated with joint stiffness in up to 40% of cases as well as shortening and rotational malunion in over 30% of cases. 14,20 Traditional operative treatment of such injuries is also *Corresponding author. Present address: 16 By? eld Road, Isleworth, Middlesex TW7 7AF, UK. Tel. : ? 44-(0)20-8847-1370; fax: ? 44-(0)20-8847-1370. E-mail address: david. j. [email  protected] com (D. J. Redfern). associated with a high incidence of complications. Intramedullary nailing remains the gold standard for treatment of most diaphyseal fractures of the tibia. However, although some authors have described good results with intramedullary nailing in the treatment of distal peri-articular tibial fractures, it is generally considered unsuitable for such injuries, due to technical dif? culty and design limitations. 17,20 Traditional open reduction and internal ? ation of such injuries results in extensive soft tissue dissection and periosteal injury and may be associated with high rates of infection, delayed union, and non-union. 5,11,13,18,19,22 Similarly, external ? xation of distal tibial fractures may also be associated with a high incidence of complications, with pin infection and loosening in up to 50% of cases and malunion rates of up to 45%. 20 Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) may offer biological 002 0–1383/$ — see front matter ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. oi:10. 1016/j. injury. 2003. 09. 005 616 D. J. Redfern et al. advantages. MIPO involves minimal soft tissue dissection with preservation of the vascular integrity of the fracture as well as preserving osteogenic fracture haematoma. 3 MIPO techniques have been used successfully in the treatment of distal femoral fractures. 9,10,23 Experience of the application of these techniques to fractures of the distal tibia is less extensive and opinion regarding optimal technique differs. Some authors advocate temporary external ? xation prior to de? itive MIPO and routine ? xation of associated ? bula fractures. 7 Others advocate a more selective approach to the role of external ? xation and ? bular ? xation. 2 Purpose We report our experience with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in the treatment of closed, unstable fractures of the distal tibia that are unsuitable for intramedullary nailing. Patients a nd methods We undertook a review of patients treated by MIPO for unstable fractures of the distal tibia in our hospital, between 1998 and 2001. Twenty-two patients were identi? d, of whom 20 had followTable 1 Patient Detailed patient data Age (years) 71 46 20 32 27 26 34 23 26 26 50 59 27 39 54 67 25 24 67 46 Mechanism of injury Fall Fall Football Motorcycle RTA Twisted Motorcycle RTA Rugby injury Rugby injury Football injury Motorcycle RTA Fall Fall Fall Fall Fell from wheelchair Fall Motorcycle RTA Motorcycle RTA Fall Fall Fracture classi? cation AO/R&A 42-A2 42-B1 42-A2 42-A2 42-B1 42-C1 42-B1/grade 42-A1/grade 42-B1 42-B2 42-A1 43-A3/grade 42-A1 42-A1 42-B1 42-A1 43-B1 42-A1 43-B1/grade 43-B1/grade up available. Their mean age was 38. 3 years (range: 17—71 years). There were 18 males and 4 females. The mechanism of injury was: fall (12); motorcycle accident (6); rugby/football injury (4) (see Table 1). Fractures were classi? ed according to the AO system12 and distal intra-articular fracture extension classi? ed according to Ruedi and Allgower18 ? ? (Table 1). All 20 fractures involved the distal onethird of the tibia and in 5 cases the fracture clearly extended distally in to the ankle joint (Ruedi and ? Allgower grade I in 3 cases and grade II in 2 cases). It ? is important to note that although 16/20 of the fractures were classi? d according to the AO system as 42 (diaphyseal), this is somewhat misleading as the ‘essence’ of these fractures was metaphyseal. Within the strict AO system12 de? nition of a metaphyseal fracture of the distal tibia (43), the centre of the fracture must lie within a square of sides equal to the widest metaphyseal distance, and the centre of many of our fractures lay just outside of the ‘metaphys eal square’ (Fig. 1a). The fracture pattern was however predominantly long oblique or long spiral and as such extended well into the distal metaphysis ? extension into the joint (Fig. 1). Indications for use of MIPO technique These included distal diaphyseal, or metaphyseal fractures of the tibia that were considered unsuitable Time to callus (weeks) 8 7 8 8 8 8 10 10 8 8 11 8 12 12 8 8 10 8 10 10 Time to FWB (weeks) 12 13 12 14 8 20 12 12 10 17 9 14 13 12 N/A 12 10 13 10 12 Time to union (weeks) 26 24 20 22 20 20 24 18 28 29 24 26 24 20 24 20 20 22 24 20 Complications 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 I I II I II — Metalwork discomfort — — — — Super? cial infection Metalwork discomfort Metalwork discomfort — — Malunion CRPS (type 1) — — — — — — — R&A: Ruedi and Allgower. ? Fractures of distal tibia 617 Figure 1 (a) AP and lateral radiographs of the distal tibia for case 8 (42-A1, R&A grade 1). (b) AP radiograph (case 8) at 10 weeks post-operatively showing callus formation (A); AP radiograph (case 8) at 18 weeks showing radiological union (B). for intram edullary nailing due to the distal nature of the fracture and/or intra-articular or peri-articular fracture extensions. gical evidence of callus. All patients were followedup for a minimum of 12 months. Operative technique Management protocol Initially, patients were managed in a plaster splint with elevation until de? itive ? xation could be undertaken. Surgery was undertaken on the next available theatre list and only delayed if soft tissue swelling or anaesthetic concerns dictated that this was necessary. Intravenous antibiotics were given at induction of anaesthesia and two doses following surgery. Post-operatively, patients were not routinely splinted unless deemed unlikely to comply with a partial weight-bearing regime. The majority of patients were encouraged to partial weight-bear on the limb (10—15 kg) from the ? rst post-operative day. Early active and passive knee and ankle motion was encouraged. In the majority of cases, patients were discharged from hospital 24 h following surgery. Clinical and radiological review took place at 6—8 weeks to assess for evidence of callus formation. Patients were allowed to proceed to full weight-bearing on the basis of clinical and radiological evaluation but not before there was radioloSurgery was performed with the patient supine on a radiolucent table. Routine preparation and draping of the injured limb was performed. Both indirect and direct techniques of fracture reduction were used depending upon the nature and pattern of the fracture. Reduction techniques employed included the use of manual traction, the AO femoral distracter, the AO articulated fracture distractor, and direct reduction with fracture reduction forceps across the fracture (via two stab incisions). A 2 cm incision was made proximal and distal to the fracture on the medial border of the tibia. An extraperiosteal, subcutaneous tunnel could then be fashioned between these two incisions using blunt dissection. A pre-measured and pre-contoured narrow 4. 5 mm DCP was then positioned in this extra-periosteal subcutaneous tunnel (Fig. 2). Accurate plate contouring and positioning was con? med by ? uoroscopy. The length of plate selected is important and should be as long as is reasonably possible given the particular fracture pattern. As the length of plate is 618 D. J. Redfern et al. Figure 2 Pre-contoured plate insertion with fracture reduction maintained by direct technique. increased, the strength of the ? xation construct is also increased. 21 A cortic al screw (4. 5 mm) was then inserted through a screw hole at one end of the plate via the incisions already made for plate insertion. At this stage, axial fracture alignment was con? rmed before inserting any further screws. Subsequent screws were inserted close to either side of the fracture via stab incisions. Further screws may be used depending upon the characteristics of the fracture. If possible, a lag screw was also inserted across the fracture (via the plate) in order to further reduce the fracture gap and add to the rigidity of the ? xation. However, because the technique employs a bridge plating principle, interfragmentary lag screws were not felt to be obligatory. It is not necessary to place screws through all of the remaining holes in the plate as this does not further increase the strength or rigidity of the ? ation construct4,21 but does require further skin incisions, providing more potential portals of entry for infection (Fig. 1b). The ? bula was not ? xed unless necessary for accurate reconstruction of length such as encountered with some severely comminuted fractures. With fractures extending into the ankle joint, careful attention was paid to restoration of the articular surface cont inuity and 3. 5 mm cortical screws inserted through stab incisions or formal open exposure as required. In only one case was it deemed necessary to ? x the ? ula in order to accurately reconstruct length before proceeding to minimally invasive plating of the tibia. The mean hospital stay was 6 days (range: 2—31 days). The mean time to radiological evidence of callus formation was 9 weeks (range: 7—12 weeks). Sixty percent of patients achieved radiological callus by 8 weeks and all by 3 months (Table 1 and Fig. 2). The mean time to full weight-bearing was 12 weeks (range: 8—20 weeks) and the mean time to union was 23 weeks (range: 18—29 weeks). There were no non-unions and one malunion in whom there was >58 of varus angulation. There were no cases of failure of ? xation. Three soldiers have subsequently had their metalwork removed due to discomfort during training, and have reported no further symptoms. One patient required exchange of a distal screw that was too long and was impinging upon the distal tibia—? bula joint. A further patient developed type I complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). He required guanethidine blocks to control his pain. There were no deep infections (one super? cial infection which resolved on oral antibiotics). Sixteen of the 20 patients were employed at the time of their injury. Six patients were soldiers. All patients in this study have subsequently returned to their pre-injury occupations/level of activity. Discussion Results Of the 20 patients presented, 12 were operated upon within 24 h of the injury, and 16 within 72 h of the injury. Surgery was delayed in the remaining four patients due to: transfer from another hospital (1); swelling at the site of injury (1); medical problems (1); and for further imaging (1). The surgery was performed by, or supervised by, one of six consultant orthopaedic surgeons in the department. Favourable results have been described using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis techniques for ? xation of distal femoral fractures. 9,10,23 Cadaveric and animal studies have emphasised the importance of minimising the degree of soft tissue damage in the region of long bone fractures. 3,16,24 Recently, Borrelli et al. 1 have demonstrated that the distal metaphyseal region of the tibia has a relatively rich extraosseous blood supply, provided primarily by Fractures of distal tibia 619 branches of the anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries. They also demonstrated that open plating in this region produces signi? cantly greater disruption of this extraosseous blood supply than minimally invasive plate application. Helfet et al. 7 described their experience with MIPO in 20 closed pilon fractures and advocated routine use of external ? xation acutely, followed by de? nitive ? xation 5—7 days later once the swelling has subsided. They also advocated the routine ? xation of associated ? bula fractures. They splinted the limb post-operatively but allowed toe-touch weight-bearing (20 lb) from the ? rst post-operative day. Their patients achieved full weight-bearing at an average of 10. 7 weeks (range: 8—16 weeks). Malunion occurred in 20% of cases although all patients had a good functional outcome and none required any further surgery. Collinge et al. 2 have reported their experience using MIPO in 17 tibial shaft fractures. Twelve cases had open injuries and ? ve of these required bone grafting at a later stage such that they suggested that this should be considered at an early stage in such injuries. The ? ve patients with closed injuries had complete union after the index procedure with no cases of malunion or infection. These closed injuries all achieved a good functional outcome. They routinely splinted the limb post-operatively with weightbearing commenced at approximately 12 weeks. In this series, we con? rm that good results can be obtained with this technique in the treatment of closed tibial fractures with intra-articular or periarticular fracture extensions, which are not suitable for intramedullary nailing. However, intramedullary nailing still remains the treatment of choice for most uncomplicated diaphyseal fractures of the tibia. We would not advocate the routine use of external ? ation in the acute management of such injuries, except in some open injuries with extensive soft tissue damage. Early de? nitive surgery negates the need for any form of temporary ? xation other than a POP back-slab for closed fractures. This avoids the added risk of complications arising from the use of such devices. It is our experience that ? xation of the ? bula is not necessary except to aid in reconstructi on of length when there is extensive comminution of the tibial fracture. In the current series (and those of Collinge et al. 2 and Koury et al. ), a 4. 5 mm DCP has been used with satisfactory results. However, this is a relatively bulky implant and lower pro? le plate designs might be expected to result in a lower incidence of postoperative metalwork discomfort along this subcutaneous medial aspect of the tibia, especially in the region of the medial malleolus. This in turn may reduce the need for subsequent implant removal. Other recent developments in plate design include pre-contoured and locking plates (e. g. LCP system, Synthes), which may offer signi? cant advantages. The ‘internal ? ator’ design of locking plates has the advantage that screw insertion does not draw the bony fragments to the plate (as occurs with traditional non-locking plates) and hence, the precise contouring of the plate is less important in achieving accurate fracture reduction. 6,15 For the same reason, the footprint of the locking plates should also be signi? cantly smaller than traditional non-locking plates, hence preserving periosteal blood supply to the fracture. 6 In the majority of cases, we have found it possible to safely mobilise patients, partial weightbearing (10—15 kg), from the ? st post-operative day without external splintage of the limb. This also allows early mobilisation of the knee, ankle and subtalar joints. Conclusion Whilst intramedullary nailing still remains the treatment of choice for most uncomplicated diaphyseal fractures of the tibia, minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis offers a reliable and reproducible technique in the treatment of closed unstable fractures of the distal tibia with intra-articular or periarticular fracture extensions. This technique may avoid the signi? ant complications encountered with more commonly used techniques of internal ? xation and external ? xation in such injuries. References 1. Borrelli J, Prickett W, Song E, Becker D, Ricci W. Extraosseous blood supply of the tibia and the effects of different plating techniques: a human cadaveric study. J Orthop Trauma 2002;16:691—5. 2. Collinge C, Sanders R, DiPasquale T. Treatment of complex tibial periarticular fractures using percutaneous techniques. Clin Orthop 2000;375:69—77. 3. Farouk O, Krettek C, Miclau T, Schandelmaier P, Guy P, Tscherne H. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis and vascularity: preliminary results of a cadaver injection study. Injury 1997;28:S-A7—S-A12. 4. Field RJ, Tornkvist H, Hearn TC, et al. The in? uence of ? screw omission on construct stiffness and bone surface strain in the application of bone plates to cadaveric bone. Injury 1999;30:591—8. 5. Fisher WD, Hambledon DL. Problems and pitfalls of compression ? xation of long bone fractures: a review of results and complications. Injury 1978;10:99—107. 6. Frigg R. Locking compression plate (LCP). An osteosynthesis plate based on the dynamic compression plate and point contact ? xator (PC-Fix). Injury 2001;32:S-B63—6. 7. Helfet DL, Shonnard PY, Levine D, Borrelli J. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of distal fractures of the tibia. Injury 1997;28:S-A42—8. 620 D. J. Redfern et al. 8. Koury A, Liebergall M, London E, Mosheiff R. Percutaneus plating of distal tibial fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2002;23: 818—24. 9. Krettek C, Schandelmaier P, Miclau T, Tscherne H. Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) using the DCS in proximal and distal femoral fractures. Injury 1997;28:S-A20—30. 10. Krettek C, Schandelmaier P, Miclau T, Bertram R, Holmes W, Tscherne H. Transarticular joint reconstruction and indirect plate osteosynthesis for complex distal supracondylar femoral fractures. Injury 1997;28:S-A31—41. 11. McFerran MA, Smith SW, Boulas HJ, Schwartz HS. Complications encountered in the treatment of pilon fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1992;6:273—85. 12. Muller ME, Nazarian S, Koch P, Schatzker J. The comprehensive classi? cation of fractures of long bones. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1990. 13. Olerud S, Karlstrom G. Tibial fractures treated by AO compression osteosynthesis. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1972; 1:1—104. 14. Oni OO, Stafford H, Gergg PJ. A study of diaphyseal fracture repair using tissue isolation techniques. Injury 1992;23: 467—70. 15. Perren SM. Editorial. Injury 2002;33:S-A-VI—S-A-VII. 16. Rhinelander F. The normal microcirculation of diaphyseal cortex and its response to fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1968;50A:784—800. 17. Robinson CM, McLaughlan GJ, Mclean IP, Court-Brown CM. Distal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia with minimal involvement of the ankle. Classi? ation and treatment by locked intramedullary nailing. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995;77B:781—7. 18. Ruedi T, Allgower M. Fractures of the lower end of the tibia ? ? into the ankle joint. Injury 1969;1:92. 19. Ruedi T, Allgower M. The operative treatment of intra? ? articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia. Clin Orthop 1979;138:105—10. 20. Russell TA. Fractures of the tibia and ? bula. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Buckolz RW, Heckman JD, editors. Fractures in adults. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1996. p. 2139— 57. 21. Sanders R, Haidukewych GJ, Milne T, et al. Minimal versus maximal plate ? xation techniques of the ulna: the biomechanical effect of number of screws and plate length. J Orthop Trauma 2002;16:166—71. 22. Tornetta III P, Weiner L, Bergman M, et al. Pilon fractures: treatment with combined internal and external ? xation. J Orthop Trauma 1993;7:489—96. 23. Wenda K, Runkel M, Degreif J, Rudig L. Minimally invasive plate ? xation in femoral shaft fractures. Injury 1997;28:SA13—9. 24. Whiteside L, Lesker PA. The effects of periosteal and subperiosteal dissection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978;60A: 26—30.

Going It Alone

Going It Alone For some reason, todays quote resonated with me. Whether introverted or extroverted, a writer has to feel comfortable being alone for hours and days on end. While we see lots of blog posts about how a writer needs his tribe or his team, the bottom line is he writes alone. Hes rejected alone. Hes accepted alone. Theres a tremendous amount of alone time in his career, and he has to accept, maybe even enjoy, that experience or he wont last long. All this alone time is probably why writers are indeed so introverted. We enjoy keeping company with ourselves, inside our thoughts. Its safer there. But that also explains why writers, when they venture out of their seclusion, tend to congregate with other writers. This is a trend that is helpful . . . only to a point. After that point, however, its detrimental. In case after case, I see writers pitching their books to other writers when they ought to be pursuing readers. Unless they write FOR writers, in how-to books, or their fiction is about a writer, they are not reaching their targeted audience. Writers are an incestuous lot. Conferences, promoting their books, chatting online. They gravitate to each other, but it becomes a habit because its so comfortable, and we tend to overdo it. And theres been a trend of late to host events where dozens of writers appear at a festival of sorts. Ive been invited to several of them. This is my opinion, keep in mind, but I see these events as not being very effective, possibly even handicapping or detrimental. At least depressing. And this is why: 1) Appearing with thirty or forty authors dilutes you, your voice, your work. The faces start to blur. Attendees remember you as part of a mass, not as you. 2) Attendees can only buy so many books. Lets say two books per attendee. Do the math. Thirty authors x 2 books per attendee = 60 attendees minimum. But lets say a productive day for you means ten books. That means 300 attendees minimum assuming one or two authors dont run away with the show. 3) Such events try to snare one or two well-known authors. Those names draw readers . . . to them, not you. Thats the name that will be remembered when the readers go home. Branding doesnt mean you and others. It means you. Dare to appear alone. Dare to promote yourself as unique, powerful, intriguing and worth reading. Embrace your aloneness. Theres nothing wrong with being alone. Like I preach to shy writers across the country, learn to love who you are. Be unique, be confident in your own skin. Because attempting to blend into dozens, even hundreds, of like souls will only make you fade into the masses. You are better than that.

The Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job Search

The Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job Search You may think the best way to get a job is to search online, update your resume, and blitz it out in response to as many postings as you can find. But you’d be wrong. As it turns out, about 80% of jobs are not posted online. So no matter how many applications you send out, you’re still only working with about 20% of what’s out there. There are also a number of common myths and misconceptions that can derail even the most tenacious of job seekers. Debunking these can do a world of difference. Here’s two things to remember:You don’t need a great deal of experience (or sometimes even any) to get your dream job.You don’t have to settle until you get that job.So where does that leave you and your job search?You must always be prepared with a pitchThe best thing for job seekers to do- and this won’t come as much of a surprise- is network. Network, network, network. That means first and foremost, coming up with a convincing and charming eleva tor pitch. An answer to the ubiquitous question: â€Å"So tell me about you.† You’ll need to craft this perfectly to show your goals, experience, selling points, and just how perfect you are to match a potential employer’s needs. Then you’ll need to rehearse it until it comes out of your mouth as naturally as an exhale.Be sure to include a goal statement at the end. â€Å"I’m †¦. and interested in †¦. and currently hoping to transition into †¦ ideally in the X industry.† Stating your job search need as a goal ensures that you’re never outright asking anyone for favors; you’re simply stating who you are and what you’re looking for, which won’t annoy or offend any potential contacts.The shorter and simpler, the better–just be smartWhen you’re working on your resume, be sure to err on the side of brevity. DO include bullet points to maximize easy reading, but don’t include too many - and make sure the ones you do include are each doing something for you. Make them as results-driven as possible, rather than heavy on the job description. Lead with your best bullet.Once you get an interview, be sure to be as well prepared as you were for networking. Though, there, the big question is â€Å"Tell us a little about your biggest weakness.† You may have been told that the best strategy here is to claim that you’re an incurable perfectionist. The internet, more often than not, will counsel you in this direction. But the Internet is wrong. You’ll just sound insincere. The better strategy is to choose something you’ve actually been working to improve. Explain how it was a challenge to you in the past, and what you’ve been doing, actively, to turn it into a strength instead. Give an example of your progress just to prove you’re not full of baloney.It’s okay to make demandsOnce you get an offer, be sure not to roll over and accept the salary without question. It is okay and expected to negotiate. A few tips:Don’t be the first person to suggest a number. The person who speaks first in this arena alwaysIf they ask you to give a number first, deflect. Say that you’re negotiable, but you’d like to hear their range to see whether it fits for you.Do research before going into negotiations. Figure out what is standard at that company and in that position within the industry. And don’t ask for a number extremely outside of that range.Tell them instead that you’re being considered in the range of the top third of that bracket, but ensure that you’re negotiable.If you let go of some of the most common misapprehensions and job search myths, you should have a much better, clear-eyed approach that will likely start to get you the results you need.

New Imperialism in Africa (Sudan and Egypt) Essay

New Imperialism in Africa (Sudan and Egypt) - Essay Example There were spurts of resistance to foreign invasion and dominance throughout Africa. Iweriebor (n.d.) points out that colonization of Africa was primarily orchestrated by European powers. The drive for conquest and colonization of Africa was for obtaining economic, political and social advantages among competing European powers. The underlying source of competitive powers among European states was the capitalist incentive. European powers were searching for natural resources, markets and ultimately profits in order to obtain economic, political and social dominance over one another. Specifically, Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Portugal were aggressively attempting to gain dominance in Europe and it was believed that acquiring foreign territories globally would improve economic, political and social prowess. The social problems that colonizing Africa was intended to address were unemployment, displacement, homelessness, poverty and many other social issues arising out of i ndustrialization. Roger, L. and History Guy Media. â€Å"The Wars of Sudan: From Egyptian Conquest to the Present†. Master of Arts Military History, Norwich University, 2011. http://www.historyguy.com/wars_of_sudan.htm (Retrieved March, 29th 2012). ... n 1875 and 1877, with Egypt’s control of Sudan, Sudan became involved with Egypt’s retaliation when Ethiopia attempted to take control of the coastal area of the Red Sea. Between 1881 and 1885, Egypt was a protectorate of the British. During that time, the Mahdi, a Sudanese religious official started a resistance movement against Egypt’s control over Sudan. The British deployed military aid to Egypt. It was only after a long drawn out war that the Egyptians and the British would withdraw. The Sudanese War lasted from 1896-1899 marking the return of the British and the Egyptians who defeated the resistance movement rejuvenated by the Khalifa, successors to the Mahdi. During the Second World War, Egypt and Britain controlled Sudan. The British in particular, began a movement to affect the liberation of Ethiopia from Sudan. Essentially, division in Sudan during the joint occupation of Egypt and the British had long-lasting consequences for Sudan with civil wars, and uprisings dividing the country most notable was the Darfur War from 2003-2010. 2011, independence referendum resulted in even more unrest within Sudan. CIA World Factbook. â€Å"Sudan.† Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html (Retrieved March, 29th, 2012). Sudan received independence from Britain in 1956 and the consequences of imperialism and colonization of Britain is evidenced by the country’s economic, social and political struggles since that time. Politically, there is a struggle between Islamic and non-Arab Sudanese in the South seeking political and social dominance in Sudan. As a result, Sudan has suffered through two protracted civil wars during the greater part of the 20th century. The results have been devastating as Sudan

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Global Warming - Essay Example Forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so when we cut them down, we allow carbon dioxide to thrive. Our drastically increasing population is also adding to the carbon dioxide, which is a result of billions of humans exhaling the gas. Of all the causes of global warming, the increasing human population is one that cannot be immediately resolved. As such, tending to the remaining factors becomes even more dire. To prevent these causes from increasing the effects of global warming, we need to create alternatives to vehicles that require fossil fuel and find construction locations that do not require cutting down entire forests. While alternate-fuel and electric vehicles are available, few people are taking advantage of them. Furthermore, little is being done to prevent the destruction of forests; we demand more buildings, and with little land available to us, we resort to destroying nature to get what we want. There are debates about policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for two reasons. The first reason is that those who can create and enforce policies are unconvinced about global warming. Though there is evidence that global warming is taking place, many people doubt its existence. As such, they are reluctant to make changes. The second reason is that creating policies would require asking humans to alter how they live. As a technologically-thriving people, changing our vehicles or locations of construction are unappealing. Science can help resolve the debate by proving that global warming is taking place and that the longer we ignore it, the worse it will become. Science can also show how the changes required to slow global warming doesn’t mean compromising the way we live; indeed, these changes would improve not only our world, but our lives as

The History and Business of Apple Inc Assignment

The History and Business of Apple Inc - Assignment Example The History and Business of Apple Inc. In 1985, Steve Jobs had to leave Apple because of a management shakeup. After that, Apple’s started turning up as a failure. In 1994, Macintosh line was released but Apple still could not turn up to be profitable and continuing taking huge losses. By the time, Steve Jobs had founded NeXt and Apple decided to acquire NeXT in 1996, and this way Steve Jobs brought back to Apple as a special advisor, who later became CEO of Apple. In 1998, iMac released from where Apple started leading the computer industry. Over the last decade, Apple has redefined the cellphone business through the iPhone, the music business through the iPod, and the entertainment and media world through the iPad. On Oct. 5, 2011, the company announced the death of Mr. Jobs, due to pancreatic cancer. In August 2011, Timothy D. Cook became the company’s chief executive. Company Description Incorporated in 1977, Apple is a California based corporation that designs, manufactures and markets personal computers, mobile communication and media devices, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. Apple has introduced a wide portfolio of brands including iPhone, iPod, MacBook Air and iPad and operates through 317 retail stores (including 233 retail stores in the US and 84 in other parts of the world). The Company has appr

Body Language and Non-Verbal Communication

Body Language and Non-Verbal Communication What is nonverbal communication? Nonverbal Communication is a system of symbolic behaviors that includes all forms of communication except words. It is the nonlinguistic transmission of information through visual, auditory, tactile and kinesthetic channels where the message isn’t being said. Nonverbal communication is an unconscious language that broadcast our true feelings and intentions. Trust, clarity and rapport can be created when nonverbal signals match up with the words we say if it didn’t generate tension, mistrust and confusion.There are two types of nonverbal communication which are nonverbal messages produced by the body and nonverbal messages produced by the broad setting. Nonverbal communication is used to repeat the verbal message, used to accent a verbal message, regulate interactions and as a substitute for verbal messages such as gestures and facial expressions. Body language is a main feature of nonverbal communication. What is Body Language? Body language plays a big role in intuition as it gives us messages about the other personthat we can interpret at an intuitive level. Body language is the conscious and unconscious actions and postures by which attitudes and feelings are communicated. Body language is a subconscious behavior distinct from sign language which is fully conscious and purposeful act of communication. Body language can reveal much about feelings and meanings to others and how others reveal their feelings towards you. Body language signals happen on both conscious and unconscious level. Body language encompasses how we position our body, facial expressions, movement of eyes, the space between us and people and also body language tend to include the pace, pitch, volume, variation, pauses of our voice. Body language is thought to account for between 50 to 70 percent of all communication. There are two types of body language parts of the body and intent. Body movements include Eye contact, body position, gesture and movement Body movements Body movements emphasize what a person says and deliver information about the emotions and attitudes of the person. There are some hand gestures to say â€Å"ok† â€Å"come here† which are internationally recognized. Facial expressions show the emotions we feel unintentionally which gives strong clue about the true emotional state of a person. Some gestures are used to give back such as nodding heads which will allow the person to adapt to his speech to reflect interest and agreement which will help to develop the conversation. Nonverbal behaviors such as biting nails, scratching heads are psychological needs which are subconscious. These behaviors often accompany feelings of anxiety or hostility. Posture reflects people’s emotions, attitudes and intentions. There are two types of postures open and close postures. In a close position people tend to have arms folded legs crossed where as in an open structure people tend to have arms apart on the arms of a chair which communicates openness or interest to listen, clos posture shows discomfort or disinterest to communicate. Eye contact is important in giving and receiving feedbacks, let a partner know when it is their turn to talk and to communicate something about a relationship between people. Communication may not be smooth if a listener averts eyes too frequently. Personal Space Personal space maintained between two people is different to types of relationship in different cultures. There are four types of relationships. The closest contact is the intimate distance. To hold a conversation personal distance is appropriate where it is easy to see the expression, eye movements and the body language. Mostly hand shaking occurs in a personal distance. Social distance is the distance for impersonal business it is more to a formal relationship where the speech should be loud and use of eye contact is essential to remain the interaction. Finally the public distance is when speakers address groups at public distance. It is necessary to exaggerate on nonverbal communication specially the hand gestures as facial expressions cannot be seen in such a distance. In different relationships the body language used differs as the distance is different from one to another. The nonverbal communication is adjusted to use in different relationship types. Body language as an influencer Opening up the body and taking and filling more space shows the power posture which shows a range of confidence and boosting effects. When in an interview or anywhere else using the power pose gives confidence and shows that you are confident and full of energy. This will influence people more on how they feel about you than what you say. Avoidance of devices used helps to develop moreconfidence. It is better avoiding using devices before a meeting so that it will help to organize and focus thoroughly. Facial expressions also mattes a lot in body language, It is necessary to have proper facial expression. Before a meeting go in front of a mirror and image yourself and reset to suit the emotions of the meeting. A genuine smile will stimulate your own sense of wellbeing which will display you are approachable, corporative and trustworthy> Gesturing when speaking will aid the thoughts and make a good impression. It is more effective and competent when using hand gestures it is another tool to punctuate what we are saying. When the gestures are meaningful and related to what we say it makes the listener to understand and remember. Gesturing helps to make clearer thoughts and speak in tighter sentences with declarative language. Leaning forward, nodding, tilting the head shows that you are engaged and paying attention which will encourage the speaker to continue specking. It is better to keep the hands free when talking to make the speech effective by using hand gestures. It is said that people with their hands held at waist level are more comfortable than hands at chest level Hand shake is the most powerful nonverbal signal. People remember two times more if you shake hand and people react more openly and friendly to people who shake hands. Shuffling of feet, fidgeting and winding of feet around each other shows nervousness and anxiety, when in tension people will stretch and curl feet to relieve tension Body languages of different genders Male and females doesn’t show much of a difference. There are few noticeable differences in female body language which women do consciously and subconsciously and also it says women tend to be more aware of their body language and others body language cues. Men read body language using different areas of their brains Men and women lie differently. Women lie less about themselves and more to protect others feelings or to make others feel better about themselves. Men lie to appear more powerful, interesting, and successful. They lie about themselves eight times more than they lie about others. Men usually point their toes towards the most important person to him in a group. Men take much more space to claim power in a room or assert dominance. How to improve non verbal communication To improve nonverbal communication, should learn to manage stress and pay attention to inconsistencies and show proper gestures to illustrate the message effectively. Should also maintain the proper posture and eye contact to display confidence an interest if not it will be viewed as disinterest or nervousness. In order to communicate effectively it is necessary to be aware of our space as well as others space and also it is equally important to be culturally competent and to know what is accepted in other cultures. References Goman, C. (2014).10 Powerful body language tips.Available: http://www.amanet.org/training/articles/10-Powerful-Body-Language-Tips.aspx. Last accessed 30th May 2014. Female Body Language Science of People. (n.d.). Science of People. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from http://www.scienceofpeople.com/2013/06/female-body-language/ Edwards, V. (2014, January 30). How to Read A Mans Body Language. The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vanessa-van-edwards/how-to-read-a-mans-body-l_b_4674615.html