Theories: Criminology and Capable Guardians

Individual Theories Maria Silva CJS/240 Farrell Binder 02/16/2013 There are several theories that influence adolescents are motivated to commit crimes, while other adolescents in similar situations are not. The theories that consist of adolescents committing crimes are based on the routine activities theory, general deterrence theory, specific deterrence theory, biochemical theory, neurological theory, genetic theory, psychodynamic theory, behavioral theory, and cognitive theory.I will talk about the routine activities theory and the general deterrence theory and focus on the bad issues in which adolescents choose to commit a crime. The routine activities theory consist of three variables; â€Å"the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders. † (Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005) First, the suitable targets; homes that seem very wealthy are more easily to be the crime target. Wealthy homes can contain valuable things such as, jewelry, safe box with cash, cameras, DVD’s, and anything worth value for the offender to make quick money.It is stated that many delinquents do not like to travel to commit their crimes they look around their surroundings, and speak to other children about what they have inside their homes. This is fairly easy for delinquents to commit crimes, and engage other to join in on the crime. They look for unlock homes, expensive cars and valuables worth stealing. Second, the lack of capable parents, in which adolescents feels that if they commit a crime they will unlikely to get caught. Since they believe that their crime will not be caught by a police officer, neighbors, parents, relatives, and homeowners, they will continue to commit crimes.Adolescents or delinquents look for specific safe places to commit their crimes and go undetected from certain types of guardians. Adolescents look around and see where there’s no movement around neighborhoods, where ho mes are left unattended and these become the easy targets for the offenders. In certain neighborhoods, where society is highly, there is more monitoring from guardians such as patrolling of officers, friends, family, and neighbors are less likely to be the target of their homes, and be burglarized, and broken into. Other types of capable guardians are video cameras, and alarm systems and help capture these offenders.Third, variable for routine activities theory would be motivated offender, in which adolescents are more highly motivated to commit a crime. They consist of mostly teenage boys, and unemployment. Motivated offenders select their targets based upon on the value, visibility and accessibility. Motivated offenders may choose not to break-in an unoccupied home, because the presence of a suitable target, because he feels that a guardian, such as a neighbor may spot him, captures him, or phone an officer. Another theory that is motivated in adolescents for them to commit a crim e would be general deterrence theory.General deterrence; â€Å"concept holds that the choice to commit delinquent’s acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment. † (Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005). Offenders will fear of committing crimes, if they know how severe the punishment may be, if they commit the crimes. General deterrence focusses on the prevention of crime and does not focus on the offender, but the offender receives punishment in the public eye or media in order to deter other citizens to commit crimes. As well, that general deterrence theory tries to reduce the probability of committing crimes in the general population. General deterrence results from the perception of the public that laws are enforced and that there is a risk of detection and punishment when laws are violated. † (www. sociologyindex. com) All these theories have a huge effect, routine activities theory and general deterrence theory is more important for adolescents to be aware of. For instance, general deterrence theory is effective for the public, because it shows the punishment of an offender may be and at times it can be severe, helping others not to commit the same crime or any other form of crimes.Routine activities theory are helpful, but needs more of it, for example, more patrolling officers, neighborhood watch committees, more camera surveillance, and more activates or programs for adolescents. Having these types of surveillance, might help reduce crime, because offenders would see that they are watched constantly, and might be afraid to be caught. References: Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005 www. sociologyindex. com

The Great Apostle Paul and the Law Essay - 2206 Words

The Great Apostle Paul and The Law Who is this Apostle Paul and why is he so important in the way we refer to the Law? The discovery of who Paul is seems to strike most new believers as surprising and refreshing. Giving them the ability to dig into part of the Bible’s past. Conclusions to these findings make the words of God comprehendible. Thus, the problem is not that there is something wrong with the Law; rather, what Paul criticizes is the wrong attitude toward the Law. (Koperski) Paul’s past is full of dark, sorrowful moments that evolve into a story of light, hope, and structure. The presence of the Lord helps Paul become one of the most known writers in the New Testament, the Holy Bible. His greatest contribution consists†¦show more content†¦John Drane makes an intriguing statement in his book Paul: Libertine or Legalist. He mentions that Paul’s writings weren’t written with the intentions of being read. Does this explain why Paul’s words are perplexing? (D rane) Galatians is a letter to the churches of Galatia. Purpose of the letter is to warn churches of deceptive teachers. It was also to argue that Gentile Christians did not have to take part in the Jewish Law. (Kuula) Paul wrote to remind them of the message of salvation. How to live in a way that follows the Lord and the Lord only. In attempts to understand his justification of the Law, it is important to identify the urgency of the letter. Judaizers were in constant movement to have Galatians repent against Paul. Paul’s battle was primarily with Judaizers and their attempts to pull Galatians from the ways of the Law and the Lord. They accused him of â€Å"watering down† his gospel in order to please a specific audience. According to Colin G. Kruse, he needed to prove both his independence and validity. Without the following of Galatians, how was he to teach the Law? (Kruse) Throughout the book of Galatians, Paul referees to circumcision on many occasions. The term of circumcision is not always to be taken literally. In the Jewish community, circumcision is a physical act of removing the foreskin around the penis. In accordance to the New Testament, it is â€Å"the feast of Circumcision of Chris†. (Oxford) ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Paul the Apostle663 Words   |  3 PagesPaul the Apostle is considered to be the most influential of the early members of the Christian church, along with Simon Peter and James the Just. Saint Paul is said to have been born around AD 5, and considered to have died about AD67, though the Bible does not record his death specifically. The epistles written by Paul to the churches were plainly and sharply worded. 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Chapter 2 The coming of the Holy Spirit appears inRead MorePauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 PagesPAUL S THEOLOGY ON THE CHURCH __________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. Presley Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for NTS 3213 __________________ by Jin Hyun July 27, 2015 PAULS VIEW ON THE CHURCH Apostle Paul is one of the most beloved follower and author of 14 books in the New Testament. One of the most prominent teachings of Paul is regarding on the subject of the church. Not only did he write letters to churchRead MoreEssay on The Pauline Epistles I1141 Words   |  5 PagesTimothy had not met with much success and Paul wrote this letter to further his position in the first letter and to address concerns that arose out of his previous epistles. The second Letter to the Church at Corinth is the supplement of the first. It is due to the same circumstances which called out the first, and to the effects that were produced in the church at Corinth by the receipt of the first letter. (Johnson) Biblical times were not the age of great strides in communication. Letters wereRead MoreWhy Paul Is Considered Second to Jesus in Christianity - New Testament685 Words   |  3 PagesREL 201 – Intro to the New Testament Essay 4 Explain why Paul is often considered second only to Jesus in his contribution to Christianity. To understand Paul and why he is regarded so high as to be put only second to Jesus is bewildering to some. We must first though understand Pauls’ background and his overall divine message he is trying to portray to understand why he is regarded as he is. Paul, whom was born in Cilicia, was named also Saul which means â€Å"asked for†. He was broughtRead MoreBiography Of Paul And The Reasons For His Letters1598 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to write my exegetical paper on Philippians 3:12-21. Before writing this paper I was not entirely familiar with the life of Paul and the reasons for his letters. It was an interesting study once I understood the background and reasoning for Paul’s writings. Paul wrote Philippians while in prison. His priority was always on the advancement of Christ. He was completely unconcerned about his lack of comfort or the situation he was in while in prison. His thoughts were solely on the cause of

The United States And China - 2217 Words

The United States and China have had a long history of diplomatic relations in the past few hundred years. Their history can go as far back to when the U.S. was a newly founded country back in the late 18th century but within the past century, these two countries have faced more difficulties on what their governments see eye-to-eye over. Prior to World War II the relationship between the United States and China was neutral, and the two countries did not face a major change until the dispute between the Nationalists and Communists in the 1940’s. Initially, the United States tried to refrain from politically interfering too much in the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and Communists. Although this was the case, the U.S. began to†¦show more content†¦The Communist Party won clear victories throughout the rest of the war from this point on. Before Mao Zedong drove the Nationalists away from mainland, a U.S. ambassador at the time named John Leighton met with som e of the communist leaders to discuss the United States recognizing PRC, but these negotiations failed when the Chinese communist government leaned more with Soviet Russia (Neenan). When the People’s Republic of China was founded, the United States and China went through three period; containment, rapprochement, and full diplomatic relations. The containment period started in 1949 with the rise of the PRC until sometime around 1969. This period consisted of the United States trying to destabilize and weaken the Chinese communist government as the leaders in D.C. felt that China threatened the security of their noncommunist neighbors in the region. There were multiple military alliances that the U.S. created along China’s eastern and southern borders such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. And even in some instances, the U.S. would aid certain groups that were trying to fight off the Chinese military, such as what the CIA did for the Tibetan resistance in the mid 1950â €™s. Washington also encouraged their allies to refrain from entering into diplomatic relations with Beijing as well as prohibiting their own citizens from visiting the country. A short period of time after this, the United States also orchestrated an international embargo

The University Of Toronto And Sheridan - 1972 Words

Currently, my financial situation has left me feeling very constrained. Due to the workload and need to fully immerse myself in my studies, I am unable to work a full time or part time job. That is not to say that it is impossible, but I have spent my entire adult life striving for the best when it comes to academia. Seven years ago, I finished my studies at the University of Toronto and Sheridan (it was a joint BA/Diploma program) for Art and Art History. I spent the first two years balancing school life and a part-time job, and while my grades were above average, they did not reach the standard I had set for myself. Once I made the decision to only work during the summer breaks, and completely devote the rest of the year to school, my†¦show more content†¦I was able to finish ADSP without acquiring any debt. I know, realistically, I will acquire debt during my three year stay at George Brown for the American Sig Language (ASL) - English Interpreter Program (AEIP), and I kn ow that is completely normal for a student; however, I would like to have a debt that is as small and manageable as possible.†¨Currently, I live with my mother, so I have been able to avoid issues of having to pay downtown Toronto rent, as some of my classmates. I am aware that I have somewhat of an advantage, as my rent and my food expenses are not as high as some, but every time I have to rely on my mother for financial assistance, it breaks my heart. My mother is a retired widow, who lost her husband, my father, seven years ago, and ever since then, money has been tighter than it was prior to his passing. She has lowered my rent and my food expenses significantly in order to help me get through school with only having to work summer jobs. But even with her help, which has been tremendous, I still find myself constantly stressing over how I will buy my textbooks, GO transit, or how I will pay for voluntary lectures and presentations that we are not required to attend, but it is strongly recommended. Before I started AEIP, I always heard students joking about how impossible it is to work and go to school at the same time because of

Information Technology inTunstall Healthcare †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology inTunstall Healthcare. Answer: Introduction One of the mandatory and the must have elements for the companies and firms of the modern era is the Information Technology which is normally referred and abbreviated as IT. IT has become a significant and essential component which is the base for the business operations that are carried out. There are hundreds and millions of companies that are set up in numerous business sectors and areas. Few decades ago, these organizations used to work on the manual guidelines and the entire set of activities was manually done. With the introduction of IT, these practices saw a changeover and the manual processes began to be gradually replaced by automation. There are certain organizations that are completely based upon automation in the present times which has been made possible by IT. One of the business sectors that has made use of and implemented several IT components in its business is Healthcare. Need of IT in Business Australia is home to numerous organizations that have been set up and work in the field of healthcare. One of the most reputed organizations is Tunstall Healthcare. It is the organization that deals in to the health solutions and services and provides the same to the people of Australia. It also arranges for the medical tools and equipment as required by the people. When Tunstall was set up, there were lesser number of customers that were engaged with it and there were also fewer health conditions as compared to the present scenario. With the passage of time, Tunstall expanded its services which led to the growth in terms of the customer base. Also, there are newer health problems and conditions that the people now face and the need for healthcare is very significant. Due to these reasons it becomes necessary to have a strong IT base to deal with the customer traffic (Tunstallhealthcare, 2017). Tunstall does not deal with a single line of operation or only one category of service or activity. Rather, there are multiple business lines that run at once which makes it necessary to be done correctly. All of these tasks and requirements are accomplished with the involvement of IT. Importance of IT IT holds a lot of significance for each of the business process and activity that is associated and is carried out in Tunstall Healthcare. The numbers of customers that are linked and are associated with Tunstall are huge. These customers seek for the health services and solutions that are reliable and accurate and are also provided in a quick turnaround time. All of these qualities and expectations can only be met through IT tools and services. Apart from the medical services and activities, there are also other tasks that are completed by IT such as management of information, storage of information, maintenance of relationship with the customers, processing and tracking of medical supplies etc (Schubert, 2007). Use of IT in Business Gone are the days when the traditional services and practices such as obtaining an appointment from a doctor by visiting a medical clinic and standing in long queues to wait for the turn for consultation and diagnosis were present. The customers and the patients wish to obtain medical care sitting at home and wish to visit a hospital or a medical centre only when it is absolutely necessary. Bookings and reservations are also done in advance through automated systems. These services and abilities will be provided to Tunstall Healthcare only with the application of IT. Advancements in the field of medicine and healthcare are being made rapidly. These advancements are being done in the areas of development of drugs along with the predictive analysis in relation with the health condition of an individual. IT tools and applications are used and applied in both of these areas to ensure that the organization does not lag behind in terms of the technical developments and advancements. Tunstall Healthcare has been set up with the aim to provide advanced health services and solutions. It will be necessary for the organization to serve its customer well and to make sure that any of the queries and demands of the customers are easily and quickly met. These activities will be made possible with the use of IT through the tools such as customer relationship management. There are also analysis tools that are available to analyze the customer information for better results. Tunstall Healthcare manages and stores a wide variety of information. This information includes the various sets and categories such as critical and sensitive information along with patient details, details of the medical staff members, medical reports and records and a lot more. This information is critical in nature and it will be necessary to manage it efficiently. The task can be easily done through the application of IT tools. Any of the organizations cannot functional well if it does not include effective planning and estimations. The same holds true for Tunstall Healthcare as well. The automated IT tools will make sure that the planning along with tasks such as estimation of budget and its design is accurately done (Ogbomo, 2008). Benefits and Advantages of IT IT will make it possible for Tunstall to have all of its information at one place. In this manner, the staff members will be able to access the desired information quickly and the data will also be safe as there will be many copies of the data and information that will be created. The practice will lead to the overall improvement of information organization which will have positive impact on the service quality. The health solutions and services that are provided by Tunstall are increasing and upgrading every day. The IT tools will make it possible to introduce the elements of agility and flexibility in the organization processes and will make it possible to have systems that have good processing speed as well. The application and implementation of the IT tools will allow Tunstall to earn better profits and revenues. It is because of the reason that Tunstall will have better information managements and storage in place. Also, the services and solutions that will be provided will also be streamlined. In such a manner, the quality of the services that will be provided will be improved and also the availability will be improved. This will make it possible to have the better feedback from the customers. The revenues and profits will accordingly increase and move up the scale. Use and application of IT will ease the processes and the number of operations that are otherwise required to be carried out by the employees and members of staff. The employee satisfaction and engagement with the organization will therefore improve by considerable margins. Currently, there are many tasks and activities that are executed and carried out in Tunstall. Not all of these activities are essential. There are certain activities that are totally unnecessary as well. Application of IT will provide an opportunity to distinguish between such activities that are essential and the ones that are required to be discontinued. Risks and Concerns IT is a tool that can be powerful and useful if implemented correctly. However, it can bring in many disadvantages and errors if there are execution and occurrences of risks in association with IT. Information is the key in these conditions wherein the successful protection of information will allow the benefits and profits to be earned and vice versa (Deshpande, 2014). There are many properties of information and the sensitivity of the same further increases in case of health care. Health information cannot be handed over or allowed to be accessed by the entities that are not authorized to do so. There may be risks and errors that may be executed to various properties of the information. The impacts that may result out from these risks can be extremely severe depending upon the information class and category that has been affected. One of the essential properties of information is its confidentiality and the confidentiality of the health information is of prime importance and significance. However, it is negatively impacted by the execution of many attacks such as breaching, eavesdropping, spoofing, phishing etc. that may violate the information confidnetiality (Acs, 2016). The impacts that may result out from these risks can be extremely severe depending upon the information class and category that has been affected. One of the essential properties of information is its integrity and the integrity of the health information is of prime importance and significance. For instance, it will be a fatal error if the value of a particular health sign of an individual is different in the copies of the medical records of the same person at the same time. The entire organization will be put at stake due to such errors and risks and the same may be attempted by the attackers with an attempt to alter the information contents and properties. There is no choice or preference that may be given to the availability of the health information. The requirements to avail the health process may be demanded by the individual at any time and there may also be urgent and immediate requirements that may come up (Dsci, 2017). However, the attackers may target the information availability of the health data and services provided by Tunstall by introducing many of the flooding attacks. Management and Monitoring of IT It will be very essential to make sure that the IT tools and packages that are used and implemented in Tunstall are monitored correctly. Also, it will be essential to make sure that the management of these tools and processes is correctly and adequately done. Monitoring and management of IT refers to the processes that Tunstall and the leadership associated with the organization must carry out. There shall be regular steps that shall be executed to ensure that the IT processes are executed correctly. Many verification and validation steps shall therefore be initiated included the formal and informal review sessions, inspections and walkthroughs. One on one discussions with the system engineers shall also be made (Diplomacy, 2017). The IT tools that will be installed in the organization will be new in terms of their operations. The staff members may therefore cause some of the operational mistakes and it will be necessary to make sure that these operational mistakes are avoided. The organization shall therefore arrange for the training sessions for the staff members so that the errors are avoided. These training sessions and their effectiveness shall also be monitored by the senior management (Unidir, 2011). Many of the security risks and vulnerabilities that have been listed above shall be controlled and there shall be monitoring on the security maintenance and mechanisms that shall also be carried out. It may be possible that the IT tools and processes require upgrades to be installed which shall be done so that none of the security risks and attacks may take place. Also, the technical controls and logical measures shall also be taken to put a check on these occurrences (Fireye, 2016). Conclusion IT is a mandate for the organizations and agencies set up in the current era. Tunstall Healthcare is the organization that deals in to the health solutions and services and provides the same to the people of Australia. It also arranges for the medical tools and equipment as required by the people. When Tunstall was set up, there were lesser number of customers that were engaged with it and there were also fewer health conditions as compared to the present scenario. With the passage of time, Tunstall expanded its services which led to the growth in terms of the customer base. Also, there are newer health problems and conditions that the people now face and the need for healthcare is very significant. Due to these reasons it becomes necessary to have a strong IT base to deal with the customer traffic. There are many properties of information and the sensitivity of the same further increases in case of health care. Health information cannot be handed over or allowed to be accessed by th e entities that are not authorized to do so. It brings up several risks and occurrences that may be executed by the attackers. These risks shall be controlled by adequate measures. References Acs (2016). Cybersecurity Threats Challenges Opportunities. [online] Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-publications/ACS_Cybersecurity_Guide.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Deshpande, V. (2014). Cyber Security: Strategy to Security Challenges- A Review. [online] Available at: https://www.ijeit.com/Vol%203/Issue%209/IJEIT1412201403_47.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Diplomacy (2017). Cybersecurity: Issues, Actors and Challenges. [online] Available at: https://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files/Cybersecurity_briefing_note_final.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Dsci (2017). Cyber Security Challenges | Data Security Council of India. [online] Dsci.in. Available at: https://www.dsci.in/taxonomypage/241 [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Fireeye (2016). Cybersecurity Challenges, Risks, Trends, and Impacts: Survey Findings. [online] Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/whitepapers/Cybersecurity-Challenges-Survey-Findings.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Ogbomo, M. (2008). Importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Making a Heathy Information Society: A Case Study of Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, Monday Obaidjevwe Ogbomo, Esoswo Francisca Ogbomo. [online] Webpages.uidaho.edu. Available at: https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ogbomo2.htm [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Schubert, P. (2007). Importance and Use of Information Technology in Small and Medium Sized Companies. [online] Taylor Francis. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10196780601136799 [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Tunstallhealthcare (2017). Tunstall Healthcare. [online] Tunstallhealthcare.com.au. Available at: https://www.tunstallhealthcare.com.au/ [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Unidir (2011). Challenges in Cybersecurity Risks, Strategies, and Confidence-Building. [online] Available at: https://www.unidir.org/files/medias/pdfs/conference-report-eng-0-373.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017].

Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society

Innovation is the process through which new ideas, products and methods are introduced. This new ideas and products are believed to have a positive impact on the society. Governments from all over the world have been encouraging their citizens to be innovative, especially the youth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to encourage innovation among young people, governments have come up with curriculums that encourage innovation. We are all encouraged to embrace innovations that will be able to help us change our lives in a positive way. The statement â€Å"I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident, but by working hard† goes to show that innovations just don’t occur by accident. People work hard and invest a lot of money and time. Innovation is a process that requires a lot of patience and creativity. Innovation is a process that has ups and downs. An innovative person never gives up. A good example in this case is Thomas Edison who invented the light bulb. Before inventing the light bulb, Thomas went through a hard time. He was forced to work hard and would spend some of his nights working instead of resting. He failed a lot of times but he never gave up. He kept on working hard and with time he was able to invent the light bulb. It was then that he came up with the now famous quote in which he says that he never failed and that he only discovered 10000 ways through which a light bulb cannot work. It was through hard work, patience and persistence that he was able to invent the light bulb. By inventing the light bulb he was able to change the lives of many people. Role of strategic gateways Research has shown that most companies have problems bringing in new products into the market even after spending a lot of money in the development and launching of these products. Research has shown that these products fail while in the market. Some of these products never even make it to the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A stage gate model is a system that that is supposed to help move a new product from an idea to the launch of the product. The Stage gate model divides this process into various activities (stages) and decisions points (gates). Why and when it is used? The stage gate model is used to manage the risks that are associated with the development of new products. This is because the product development and innovation process faces a number of risks. It is through this model, that these risks can be assessed. The stage gate model also minimises the chance of something going wrong along the way. How does it work? The system works by managing the risks associated with product development and product innovation. The p eople in charge of the project will gather information needed to move the project from one stage to another. The information gathered will range from financial information to market information. The expenditures incurred will increase as the project moves from one stage to another. Key stages of the project are separated to help the management understand the product innovation and development process. The proposed product is carefully scrutinised at each stage and the management is advised on when to abort the project if it fails to meet the set objectives. This essay on Innovation and Its Positive Impact on the Society was written and submitted by user Celia Simmons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura †Philosophy Essay

The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura Philosophy Essay Erotic desire in Phaedrus, and De Rerum Natura is intrinsically connected with pleasure. But had Plato examined De Rerum, and Lucretius, Phaedrus, they would have been troubled by the place and role of erotic desire in the other’s work. Superficially, erotic desire in the two works differs little; both would appear to the undiscriminating reader as a variance of lust, or perhaps love. But on a deeper level, when comparing the importance of erotic desire in the works, and the relation to the conception and attainment of the summum bonum, the greatest good, ideological conflicts are revealed. The differences between the place, conception, and role of erotic desire in the two works are determined by the view of the summum bonum, which largely hinges on the question of the mortality of the soul. To get a firm grasp of the topic, it is useful to first look of the two author’s definitions of erotic desire, with short expositions on the place and role of erotic desire in the two works, irrespective of each other. What is erotic desire in Plato’s Phaedrus? Erotic desire, as defined in Socrates’ Second Speech, is: â€Å"†¦ the fourth kind of madness- that which someone shows when he sees the beauty we have down here and is reminded of true beauty; then he takes wing and flutters in his eagerness to rise up, but is unable to do so; and he gazes aloft, like a bird, paying no attention to what is down below†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (37) Erotic desire is a kind of ‘madness’ brought on by the recollection of ‘true beauty’. With Plato, erotic desire exists in a world where immortal forms are the ideal. Erotic desire is the manifestation of the longing for those perfect forms. The summum bonum is the knowledge of the truth, represented by the forms, and erotic desire is the feeling brought on in the physical world by the recollection of those forms. It is important to note the reaction of the man ‘reminded of true beauty’, and its relation to the definition of erotic desire. The man’s reaction is the first step in a process which Plato refers to as, â€Å"lov[ing] boys philosophically† (36). It is not the path of the man who â€Å"surrenders to pleasure and sets out in the manner of a four-footed beast† (39). The ideal relationship, in which a man ‘loves boys philosophically’, is never consummated, though those that love ambitiously are only a step or two below the ideal (48). This implies, since both begin the ascent back into ‘heaven’, that the erotic desire and the close relationship results, rather than strict philosophy, is the most important mechanism for the regrowth of the soul’s wings and the return to ‘Reality’. This clarifies the concept of erotic desire somewhat. Erotic desire becomes a love for another person, a love that leads one to look for a higher truth, no matter the circumstance. Man on earth is incomplete, he has lost the sense of truth and virtue he had while in ‘Reality’. Erotic desire becomes a desire for completeness that is achieved through union with another. The summum bonum is this completeness, this knowledge of the truth. But what of â€Å"practice[ing] philosophy without guile†, the other way that Socrates mentions the soul can regrow its wings? The philosopher is already as complete as possible, â€Å"since [the philosopherâ €™s mind’s] memory always keeps it as close as possible to those realities† (37). What place does erotic desire have in Plato’s Phaedrus? Erotic desire has a central place in the philosophy of Phaedrus. Socrates’s second speech, where erotic desire is discussed, occupies the literal center of the dialogue. However, erotic desire’s importance is more than just nominal; erotic desire is key to the philosophy of Socrates’s second speech. Socrates’ proof begins: â€Å"Every soul is immortal. That is because whatever is always in motion is immortal, while what moves, and is moved by, something else stops living when it stops moving.† (29) Motion is connected with life; immortality, with perpetual motion. The speech of Socrates is based on this principle, which proves the immortality of the soul. Motion is the important element to focus on. Erotic desire is the manifestation of the longing for the perfect forms that define the immortal soul’s existence; in Platonic terms, the forms exist in the collective as ‘Reality’ (34). The knowledge of these forms, and the sight of them in ‘heaven’ is the Socratean summum bonum. Truth is the greatest good, and erotic desire leads to truth. The soul’s attraction to the truth, in Plato’s terms, ‘forms’ and ‘Reality’, is paralleled by the body’s attraction to reminders of these things, in this case, the erotic desire for ‘beautiful boy’. Erotic desire is essentially a force for motion toward the forms. Since Socrates describes erotic desire earlier as, â€Å"tak[ing] its name from th e word for force†, this should be no surprise (18). It is a natural desire for the soul to want to move toward the forms, as Socrates says that the mind of the soul is â€Å"nourished by intelligence and pure knowledge† (33). ‘Nourish’ connects the forms and the soul in a physical way, in a way equational to the connection between the man and the ‘beautiful boy’. What is erotic desire in Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura? Lucretius defines erotic desire in different terms than Plato. Erotic desire is the â€Å"mind’s wound†, when man’s body, â€Å"strives for union with [her body], wants to fill that body with his own, pour out that seed into the other†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (149). For Lucretius, erotic desire contains elements of lust; it is a hopelessly physical attraction. Throughout the work, Lucretius talks of seeds, most notably with reference to atoms, and the theme continues through his discussion of erotic desire, â€Å"once we are men mature and strong, becomes an active force, compulsive, driving† (149). The ‘seed’ is the ‘driving’ force behind erotic desire in the work. There is no pretense of a higher love in De Rerum, no mention of souls, or wings or forms, but as Lucretius’s focus in his work is on the mortality of the soul, the transience of existence, there is no pla ce for such things. The main unit of Socrates’s world is the soul, while the main unit of Lucretius’s world is the atom. Both units are immortal, but only Socrates’s unit allows for an individual, perpetual existence. Erotic desire has a place in the Lucretian world view, but not a major one. Insofar as the Lucretian philosophy looks to maximize pleasure, erotic desire can bring pleasure, but remember that the greatest pleasure, the summum bonum, is the absence of all pain. Erotic desire can be the first step down into the abyss of â€Å"passionate love† (150). As Lucretius says, â€Å"What could be more contrary to nature? Nothing else inflames us, once we have it, with desire of more and more and more† (151). Love has the potential for immense pain along with its pleasure, and immense pain is exactly what Lucretius looks to avoid. Love is unnatural, not only through its ‘desire of more and more and more’, but also through the pain it almost always brings. What is more unnatural in the Lucretian system than the seeking out of pain? But the danger of falling in love is not enough for Lucretius to counsel against erotic desire, represented by Venus, â€Å"Avoiding passionate love, you need not miss all the rewards of Venus† (150). Lucretius is direct in his ‘prescription’, â€Å"The only thing to do is to confuse the issue, cure the hurt by many more- what does the adage say, Safety in hordes? Ah, that’s the right prescription† (150). Love is like a sickness, also the â€Å"germinal seeds of madness†, and must be treated with a ‘prescription’ (150). The ‘prescription’ is promiscuous sex, which stands opposed to Socrate’s condemnation of those who ‘set out in the manner of the four-footed beast’. How does the role of erotic desire differ between Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura? Erotic desire fits into the two works differently, and this is largely the result of differences in the two works’ conception of pleasure. Socrates says, â€Å"the truth is my subject,† and it is the truth, in the shape of the forms, that is the ultimate pleasure in Phaedrus (34). The result is a more abstract view of the pleasure in erotic desire; it is very much connected with the idea of forms, and the recollection of the ‘truth’ brought on by the ‘beautiful boy’. It is also one of the few ways the soul can regrow its wings, and ascend back into the realm of ‘Reality’. Erotic desire is key to the world view of Socrates’s Second Speech. Within Socrates’s concept of erotic desire is a firm belief in the immortality of the soul; erotic desire allows the fallen to rise again, it is a redeeming force. But Lucretius goes to great pai ns to prove the mortality of the soul, and thus erotic desire plays a somewhat different role in De Rerum. The soul is instead replaced by ‘seeds’, and their physical connotation. Lucretius compares erotic desire to the â€Å"mind’s wound†, and much like blood spurts from the body’s wound, the seed spurts from the mind’s. Erotic desire is a physical pleasure, in a world where everything is physical, and it is only one of a multitude of physical pleasures. But more crucial is that in the work of Lucretius, the summum bonum is the absence of all pain. This is in contrast to the Socratean summum bonum of knowledge of the ‘truth’. Socrates’s philosophy accepts that pain can follow erotic desire; he makes clear that it is a pain of the soul, â€Å"[the wing’s] feathers prick[ing] at its passageway† brought on by the absence of the ‘beautiful boy’ (40). Because the soul is immortal, pain in the present can be endured for the greater everlasting pleasure. All this pain is endured for the greatest good. Lucretius’s philosophy is consistent with the delay of gratification for a greater pleasure, but the soul in Lucretius is mortal and erotic desire provides no such opportunity. Though in Lucretius, erotic desire is a perfectly legitimate pleasure, so long as it does not develop into ‘passionate love’, which carries the potential for great pain. In a superficial way, relative to a discussion of immortal forms, Lucretius views erotic desire as a force that distorts the truth, as it causes the lover to overlook flaws in their love. It may seem obvious, but pleasure and erotic desire are inextricably linked. Imagine the discussion between the two writers; focus on the intensity of it. See how deep into their philosophies erotic desire gets them? It gets to the heart of the matter, to the ‘greatest good’, and the mortality of the soul. How is the summum bonum to be achieved? Is a part of us immortal? The two men would have disagreed. The soul is immortal for Plato, and mortal for Lucretius. Plato’s ideal is a man full of erotic desire, of that ‘passionate love’ which Lucretius denounces, but his soul will be the better for it, because it leads him to a greater good. The man of Lucretius would see no higher good in erotic desire, just a pleasure with pitfalls. For Plato, erotic desire leads to the truth, but for Lucretius it leads astray. As the two works, in the discussion of erotic desire, seem to be defined by the question of the mortality of the soul, the works, in this light, provide insight into how crucial a role time, or the lack of it, plays in the conception of the summum bonum. There is a troubling undercurrent that runs through both works. In this context, both works imply the instability of human experience. In Plato, the soul exists in the perfect world of forms, and then falls into the imperfect world of man; the cycle repeats endlessly. For Lucretius, man may take pleasure in the moment, but pain is always around the corner. Though ideologically different, both philosophers accept that stability is difficult to realize. Again, the issue hinges on the mortality of the soul, because stability can only ultimately be achieved in death. Research Papers on The Issues of Erotic Desire in Phaedrus and De Rerum Natura - Philosophy EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and