Principal Strengths And Weaknesses Of Norwegian Integration Politics Essay

Principal Strengths And Weaknesses Of Norwegian Integration Politics Essay The foreign policy of the European Union (EU) compromises two major tools. First, deepening dictates a horizontal (among members) process where member states tie up their relations on stronger grounds. Second, enlargement is associated with a vertical growth (between members of the EU and the candidate countries) that absorbs new members into the Union creating new markets, new employment potential, and a wider geographical status. The basic difference between these two processes is that the latter must also include the satisfaction of an outsider (i.e. the candidate country). As strange as it may sound to a Turkish citizen, some countries are willing to opt out the so-called opportunity of becoming an EU member. Any expression of opposition to the European Union or to the project of European integration, generally labeled Euroscepticism, comes from many different quarters and spans across the political spectrum. One basic idea is that European integration might be accompanied by a certain disintegration of the political system at the national level. In the recent European Parliament elections, many Eurosceptics entered the European Parliament, thus suggesting that Euroscepticism is on the rise across Europe. In surveying the nature of Euroscepticism across European states, Szczerbiak and Taggart (2000) identified Soft and Hard Euroscepticism which implicitly suggest particular features of Eurosceptical attitudes to Europe. For Hard Eurosceptics, the EU may be opposed because it embodies some previously identified  «enemy » (e.g. capitalism for communism, socialism for the right, bureaucracy for populists, supranationalism for nationalists, or neo-liberalism for socialists). For Soft Eurosceptics, the EU is problematic when it development runs counter to interests, policies or issues they support. (Szczerbiak and Taggart 2008) Euroscepticsm in Norway In the Norwegian context, Euroscepticism is usually associated with the question of membership. To the question why the membership issue was and is so hotly debated in Norway there is no single answer, but rather several partial ones. A leading expert in the field of political behavior, Professor Henry Valen, points to the interplay of history, geography and social structure(Miles 1996). Historically, centuries of foreign rule first by the Danes, then by the Swedes and the fact of being a young nation (i.e. Norways comparatively recent independence since 1905) made many Norwegians fierce patriots. To this should be added the large geographical distance to mainland Europe. The country has traditionally pursued a policy of non-involvement in European conflicts. Furthermore, the Norwegian Euroscepticism can be traced to both the economic and cultural territorial cleavages that shape the Norwegian party system, thus cutting across the main left-right dimension in Norway i.e. socio-economic competition between Labour and the Conservatives. (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). The centre-periphery cleavages derived from the national revolution and the rural-urban cleavages that were arose during the industrial revolution are other two explanatory dimensions of Euroscepticsm in Norway (Rokkan and Urwin 1983). Domestic politics reflect economic inequalities and conflicts of interest stemming from the huge geographic extension of the country from south to north and the gap in living conditions between the densely inhabited and industrialized areas of south and the thinly populated rural and coastal districts. Furthermore, throughout the EU debates there were unusual but strong alliances between farmers and fisherman, urban radicals, and partisans of lingui stic, religious and teetotalist counter-cultures. Miles (1996) finds that on most of these dimensions there has been a remarkable stability since the early 1970s. The economic dimension of Norwegian Euroscepticism is illustrated in the sectors that face uncertainty or decreased subsidies if exposed to free trade and competition, primarily agriculture and fisheries, but also to a smaller extent the public sector. Fear that integration might undermine Norways regional policy, which entails both economic transfers and positive discrimination in the forms of tax-breaks and other financial incentives, provides further grounds for economic opposition. In terms of identity or culture, European integration has been perceived as a potential or actual threat to Norways moral-religious heritage (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). Foreign and security policy added as further dimension to the Norwegian Euroscepticism. Until 2000, there was scarce evidence of that Norway was responding to the end of the Cold War and changing military and security realities of the 1990s, and the distance between Norwegian and EU security policy was greater than at the beginning of the decade (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). This is rooted partly in the perception that Norway is a different country, in terms of either geopolitics or its international profile. The EU and the USs changing approaches to security and defense (beyond sole focus on traditional concerns of defense of state bounders), has little effect on the Norwegian foreign and security policy. However, even in narrow terms of security concerns, Norway is finding that its non-NATO neighbours are increasingly addressing regional concerns through the EU institutions. Given its NATO membership and geostrategic position, Norway would be in a prime position to play a strong role in shaping the EUs emerging security and defense policy. Thus, even in the absence of EU membership, Norway joined the Schengen agreement on police cooperation and border control and performs surveillance on the European It has also established close cooperation with the EU on its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Historical outline of Norways foreign economic relations since independence Norway is no stranger to complex relations with the outside world (Claes and Fossum 2002). Its foreign policy has historically striven to strike a balance between internationalism and national self-assertion. Although united under a common king as early as 872, it lost its independence in the late Middle Ages, was ruled by Denmark from 1390 to 1814, and then was the possession of the Swedish king until obtaining independence in 1905. In order to find the connection between a nations national identity and her foreign policy, one must first deal with whether Norwegian identity formation has yet ended up with a solid national identity. Anthony Smith (1993) outlines fundamental features of a national identity as such: a historic territory (homeland); common myths and historical memories; a common mass public culture including dialect languages and shared customs/traditions; common legal rights and duties for all members; and a common economy with territorial mobility for members. Internalizing Smiths features of national identity as well as making, Norwegian society has come up with an accomplished national identity without question. The main priority in Norwegian foreign and security policy after the Second World War was always the Atlantic relationship, built around NATO membership and a strong reliance on the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1960 Norway joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) which included the United Kingdon, Finland, Sweden, Austria, and Liechtenstein. However, Norways applications to join the European Community in 1962 and 1967 and vetoed by France indicated that there was potential for conflict in the Norwegian political system concerning stronger orientation towards the European Community. The opposition was not limited to the internal dimensions. Externally, membership meant a potential break with the traditional non-supranational Nordic and EFTA approaches. As a consequence, it was felt by many Norwegians that Nordic cooperation might be jeopardized by opting for EC membership. The 1972 Trauma In the 1972 referendum on EC membership, a majority of 53 percent of the population voted against. Community to ensure duty-free trade for manufactured goods, the European question receded from its political agenda. The negative referendum outcome caused something like a political earthquake in Norway. It marked a broad popular protest against the exclusive competence of the government to handle questions of foreign policy and international economics generally and against EC membership specifically. The No in a way became part of the Constitution, standing above the government, the Storting (parliament) and the political parties. Despite the rejection in 1972, and the following silent treatment of the membership issue, the prospect of the Single European Market triggered negotiations to link the EFTA states with the EC through the creation of the European Economic Area agreement (EEA). As an intergovernmental agreement between the EU and the three remaining EFTA partners (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway), the EEA became the backbone of Norway s economic relationship with the EU. The vote against membership of the European Community in the 1972 set the scene for an approach to European integration based on an ever closer cooperation short of actual membership. Despite the rejection of membership, Norway was required to respond to and accommodate European integration. What started as bilateral relationships between each EFTA member and the EU evolved into coordinated multilateral interaction in the early 1980s. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Eliassen and Sitter 2003) The 1994 No referendum to EU membership In the wake of the 1994 referendum , in Norway, enormous offshore oil and gas resources had been developed, increasing the level of Norwegian exports and adding one more sensitive sector to the Norwegian negotiation agenda with the EU. In the EU, a more ambitious direction was employed both to harmonize economic regulations of the members in order to create a common market and economic union, and also to create a political union with common foreign policy. The impact of these changes together with political considerations, including loss of sovereignty in critical decision-making areas, made the distance between Norway and the Union extended. The No slogan EU campaigns 1994 slogan centered on three words environment, solidarity and national rule all of which were threatened by the Union. Norwegian Method of European Integration The combination in increasingly close cooperation in a growing range of policy sectors while excluding the possibility of full membership has come to represent a join-as-much-as-we-can-get-away-with approach to European integration on the governments part has been called the Norwegian method of European integration (Eliassen and Sitter 2001). The results in both 1972 and 1994 referendums were marginal No majorities, and this has been combined with a permanent pro-integration majority in Parliament, hence the basis for the Norwegian method of European integration. Strenghts of the Norwegian method in European integration The European Economic Area (EEA) has been, is and will be the cornerstone of Norwegian involvement in European integration. The deal entails comprehensive membership in the EUs Single European Market, and most Norwegian parties consider a well-functioning EEA an essential prerequisite for Norway not applying for full membership of the EU. Enlargement of the Single European Market was, of course, both for the EU and the EFTA countries, the key motive behind the EEA agreement (leaving aside the broader political goals of extending European integration), and this is perhaps the aspect of the EU Norway relationship that has worked best. Nevertheless, under the EEA arrangement Norway has seen much better economic development over the last decade than the EU average. The Norwegian North Sea oil wealth is almost a blessing for the Norwegian economy, but not the only, explanation for this. In most sectors, the differences between the EEA and EU arrangements for trade in the Single Market are minor. In several respects, Norway has even outperformed the EU. Interest rates have fluctuated, but with some lag they have followed the Euro-zone. The government debt was eliminated, the foreign trade surplus grew, non-petroleum industrial investment increased and business did not emigrate to the Euro-zone. To be sure, the economic slowdown in the opening years of this century also hit Norway, but less severely than most of the EU member states. Unemployment in Norway stand (relatively stable) at the end of 2009 at around 3 percent, about half the EU average. This can be put down largely to the relatively tight fiscal policy pursu ed in Norway, even in the face of the temptation to use more oil money. In fact, a large degree of convergence between Norway and the Euro-zone in terms of monetary policy has taken place despite the lack of a formal relationship. Norways has secured ad-hoc participation in several EU policy initiatives beyond those covered by the EEA The most spectacular of these, are the Schengen arrangement on passport free travel and associated policies and Norways close cooperation with the EU on its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Perhaps most significantly, the EU-Norway relationship is dynamic. Although this means that the EEA treaty is upgraded when the EU enlarges, most of the responsibility is on the three EFTA members unilaterally to adapt to developments in the EU. This means both EU Treaty change and substantial developments in EU policy. Weaknesses of the Norwegian method in European integration The Norwegian quasi-membership in the EU (Eliassen and Sitter 2004) entails ever-closer cooperation, and the advantages of the supposed discretion that such arrangements entail shrinks with the deepening and widening of the EU. The first challenge is associated with the deepening of the EU. Although the EU as a whole is generally pleased with Norways performance, it shows little interest in developing this system much further to accommodate deepening of European integration. The EEA and Schengen systems are static compared to the very dynamic developments within the EU. Both arrangements are becoming ever smaller parts of the whole, and this is particularly evident when the EU moves into new areas such as counter-terrorism. In other rapidly developing areas such as foreign, security and defense policy, the overall Norwegian strategy is not always clearly developed, and the EU side justifiable questions whether Oslo is prepared to accept the full implications of ad hoc participation in any given initiative. The price for access the Single Market is accepting EU market regulation and competition policy. In terms of the free movement of goods, services, capital and labour, there is little difference between the EEA agreements and full EU membership, and the EEA competition policy has brought a degree of supranationalism to an otherwise intergovernmental agreement. Although Norway has adopted less to EUs competition policy than most member states, it has partially adopted the EUs prohibition approach and remains under pressure to follow EU states in adapting to the EU system (Eliassen and Sitter 2003). The EUs eastern enlargement, or widening, makes up the second element of the challenge of the future and the dilemma of quasi-membership. The tenfold increase in the fee for Norways access to the EU Single Market agreed as part of the EEA enlargement deal not only illustrates the shifting balance between the costs and benefits of quasi-membership (and some EU states perception of Norway as a rich relative who is unwilling to contribute to the common good), but also the potential consequences of the growing asymmetry between the EU and EFTA partners in the EEA. Conclusion Are Norwegians as Eurosceptic as we often think? The question of how and to what extent Norway should participate in European integration has been the most important issue in national politics since the Second World War. The current Norwegian method of European integration lies between the alternatives of full membership and withdrawal from the EEA. At the same time, Norways non-membership of the EU understood as economically sensible for a country rich on natural resources is seen by most of the EU members as an indicator of self-reliance and national independence which suggests cultural introversion and a lack of need to actively trade and communicate in cultural, scientific and commercial matters with the rest of Europe. Despite this quite false picture that is developing, are Norwegians as Eurosceptic as we often think? In light of this, I have identified four arguments against the standard story of Norwegian Euroscepticism: High degree of integration with European markets when looking at the share of import and export from/to EU of total (2000-2009); High degree of compliance with EU Norms, revealed through the percentage of EU directives not transported (EU and EEA scoreboards) between 1997-2009; Considerable pragmatism by Norwegian political parties (i.e. there is a difference between talking and acting). All parties have governed on the EEA and if it was not supported, at least it was accepted as a compromise; Norwegian citizens have average attitudes towards European unification (European Social Survey 2008). Thus, a general lesson for the study of Euroscepticism is that it fails to grasp the distinction between opposition to European integration and opposition to EU membership. It tends to overemphasize the significance of formal membership and ignore many different Norwegian ties to the EU. Membership is not so much a question about the EU, but primarily about domestic issues in Norway, as in most of the member states.

Nursing and Theory

Theories and models of nursing practice Dr. Sabah Abbas Ahmad College of Nursing university of Baghdad Sabah. [email  protected] com COMPETENCIES 1. Definitions of theory, concept, model, proposition. 2. Explain the relationships of concepts and propositions to theory 3. Discuss the purpose of theory. 4. Explain the USE OF theories from other disciplines: . .5. Explain the interdependent roles of nursing practice, nursing theory, and nursing research. .6. History and evolution of nursing theory 7. Identify m Common concept in nursing Theories. 8.Identify the three categories relating to the scope of theories. .. – Theories and models of nursing practice Introduction: Nursing theory provides a perspective from which to define the what of nursing, to describe the who of nursing (who is the client) and when nursing is needed, and to identify the boundaries and goals of nursing’s therapeutic activities. Theory is fundamental to effective nursing practice and research. Th e professionalization of nursing has been and is being brought about through the development and use of nursing theory.The basic elements that structure a nursing theory are concepts and propositions. In a theory, propositions represent how concepts affect each other. A concept is the basic building block of a theory. Definitions – A concept : Is a vehicle of thought? According to Chinn and Kramer (1995, p. 78), the refers to a â€Å"complex mental formulation of †¦ our Perceptions of an observable fact that term concept the world. † A concept labels or names a phenomenon, can be perceived through the senses and explained.A concept assists us in formulating a mental image about an object or situation. Concepts help us to name things and occurrences in the world around us and assist us in communicating with each other about the world. Independence, self-care, and caring are just a few examples of concepts frequently encountered in health care. Theories are formulat ed by linking concepts together. -A conceptual framework or Model: is a structure that links global concepts together and represents the unified whole of a larger reality.The specifics about phenomena within the global whole are better explained by theory. By its nature, a concept is a socially constructed label that may represent more than a single phenomenon. For example, when you hear the word chair, a mental image that probably comes to mind is an item of furniture used for sitting. The word chair could represent many different kinds of furniture for sitting, such as a desk chair, a high chair, or an easy chair . It is important to remember that the same concept may be used differently in various theories.For example, one nursing theory may use the concept of environment to mean all that surrounds a human being (the external environment), whereas another theory may use this concept to mean the external environment and all the biological and psychological components of the person (the internal environment). – What Is a Proposition? A proposition: (another structural element of a theory) is a statement that proposes a relationship between concepts. An example of a nonnursing proposition might be the statement â€Å"people seem to be happier in the springtime. This proposition establishes a relationship between the concept of happiness and the time of the year. A nursing propositional statement linking the concept of helplessness and the concept of loss might be stated as â€Å"multiple and rapid losses predispose one to feelings of helplessness. † Propositional statements in a theory represent the theorist’s particular view of which concepts fit together and, in most theories, establish how concepts affect one another. What Is a Theory? A theory: is a set of concepts and propositions that provide an orderly way to view phenomena.In the scientific literature, Nursing theory is developed to describe the phenomenon (process, occurrence, or event) called nursing. Nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities that in that the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcome of nursing care practices. – â€Å"The purpose of a theory: in scientific disciplines is to guide research to enhance the science by supporting existing knowledge or generating new knowledge†. A theory not only helps us to organize our thoughts and ideas, but it may also help direct us in what to do and when and how to do it.The use of the term theory is not restricted to the scientific world, however. It is often used in daily life and conversation. For example, when telling a friend about a mystery novel you are reading, you may have said, â€Å"I have a theory about who committed the crime. † -USE OF theories from other disciplines: In addition to using theories specifically constructed to describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of concern to nursing, the nursi ng profession has long used theories from other disciplines. A discipline : is a field of study.Theories from biological, physical, and behavioral sciences are commonly used in the practice of nursing. For example, nonnursing theories such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs, Erikson’s Theory of Human Development, and Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome have been and continue to be useful in nursing practice. These nonnursing theories are often incorporated into nursing practice together with specific nursing theories. – – Importance of nursing theories ;in clinical practice: Nursing theories provide a framework for thought in which to examine situations.As new situations are encountered, this framework provides a structure for organization, analysis, and decision making. In addition, nursing theories provide a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the discipline of nursing in clarifying beliefs, values, and goals, and they help to define the unique contribution of nursing in the care of clients. When the focus of nursing’s contribution is clear, then greater professional autonomy and, ultimately, control of certain aspects of practice are achieved.In the broadest sense, nursing theory is necessary for the continued development and evolution of the discipline of nursing. Because the world of health care changes virtually on a daily basis, nursing needs to continue to expand its knowledge base to proactively respond to changes in societal needs. Knowledge for nursing practice is developed through nursing research that, in turn, is used to either test existing theories or generate new theories. Nursing Practice Nursing research Nursing theory Process of knowledge development. Nursing practice, theory, and research are interdependent.Nursing theory development and nursing research activities are directed toward developing nursing practi ce standards . Nurses may use a specific nursing theory to help guide their practice or may choose a more eclectic approach and adopt ideas from several theories. Both of these approaches are valid. Furthermore, nurses may find some theories more appropriate for certain situations. In that case, one theory can be used with a client in a home health care setting, whereas another theory may be more applicable to a client in an acute care environment.Regardless of the approach chosen, nurses will recognize the value and usefulness of nursing theory as a tool for effective nursing practice. Common concept in nursing Theories: Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are: 1-The person (patient) 3- Health and 4- Nursing Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist, and although these concepts are common to all nursing theories, both the definition and the relations among them may differ from one theory to another .Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person . The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or Theory, is the person. Relationship of theory to nursing process: Professional nurses use theories from nursing and from the behavioral sciences to collect, organize, and classify patient data and to understand, analyze, and interpret patients' health situations.Theoretical concepts and theories guide all phases of the nursing process, including planning, implementing, and evaluating nursing care, while also describing and explaining desired responses to and outcomes of care. The major concepts of a chosen model or theory guide each of the nursing process . The concepts serve as categories to the nurse in determining what information is relevant and should be collected to make assessments and to formulate nursing diagnoses.The concepts also suggest the appropriate types of nursing interventions and patient outcomes to be included in the care plan. Types of theories: â €Å"Although theories address relatively specific and concrete phenomena, they vary in scope. Scope refers to the relative level of substantive specificity of a theory and the concreteness of its concepts and propositions† three different categories relate to the scope of theories: grand theories, middle-range theories, and micro-range theories.This classification is applicable to both nursing and nonnursing theories. 1- A grand theory is composed of concepts representing global and extremely complex phenomena. It is the broadest in scope, represents the most abstract level of development, and addresses the broad phenomena of concern within the discipline. Typically, a grand theory is not intended to provide guidance for the formation of specific nursing interventions, but rather provides an overall framework for structuring broad, abstract ideas (Fawcett, 1993).An example of a grand theory is Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. 2- Middle-Range Theory : A theor y that addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena than a grand theory is known as a middle-range theory. Descriptions, explanations, and predictions put forth in a middle-range theory are intended to answer questions about nursing phenomena, yet they do not cover the full range of phenomena of concern to the discipline. A middle- ange theory provides a perspective from which to view complex situations and a direction for interventions (Fawcett, 1993). An example of a middlerange theory is Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. 3- A micro-range theory is the most concrete and narrow in scope. A micro- range theory explains a specific phenomenon of concern to the discipline (Fawcett, 1993), such as the effect of social supports on grieving and would establish nursing care guidelines to address the problem. History and evolution of nursing theory The work of early nursing theorists in the 1950s focused on the tasks of nursing practice from a somewhat mechan istic viewpoint. Because of this emphasis, much of the art of nursing—the value of caring, the relationship aspects of nursing, and the esthetics of practice—was diminished. During the decades of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, many nursing theorists struggled with making nursing practice, theory, and research fit into the then prevailing view of science.Reflecting changes in global awareness of health care needs, several contemporary nursing theorists have projected a new perspective for nursing that truly unifies the notion of nursing as both an art and a science. Noted nursing theorists such as Leininger, Watson, Rogers, Parse, and Newman have been urging the discipline of nursing to embrace this new emerging view that is seen as more holistic, humanistic, client focused, and grounded in the notion of caring as the core of nursing.Since the early 1950s, many nursing theories have been systematically developed to help describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of conc ern to nursing. Each of these established theories provides a unique perspective and each is distinct and separate from other nursing theories in its particular view of nursing phenomena. REFERENCES Leahy,j. ,Kizilay,P. : Foundations of nursing practice; Nursing process Approach, New York, W. B. Saunders, 2005 White, L. : Foundations of Nursing: Caring the Whole Person, NewYork, Thomson Learning, 2001

Theories: Criminology and Capable Guardians

Individual Theories Maria Silva CJS/240 Farrell Binder 02/16/2013 There are several theories that influence adolescents are motivated to commit crimes, while other adolescents in similar situations are not. The theories that consist of adolescents committing crimes are based on the routine activities theory, general deterrence theory, specific deterrence theory, biochemical theory, neurological theory, genetic theory, psychodynamic theory, behavioral theory, and cognitive theory.I will talk about the routine activities theory and the general deterrence theory and focus on the bad issues in which adolescents choose to commit a crime. The routine activities theory consist of three variables; â€Å"the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders. † (Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005) First, the suitable targets; homes that seem very wealthy are more easily to be the crime target. Wealthy homes can contain valuable things such as, jewelry, safe box with cash, cameras, DVD’s, and anything worth value for the offender to make quick money.It is stated that many delinquents do not like to travel to commit their crimes they look around their surroundings, and speak to other children about what they have inside their homes. This is fairly easy for delinquents to commit crimes, and engage other to join in on the crime. They look for unlock homes, expensive cars and valuables worth stealing. Second, the lack of capable parents, in which adolescents feels that if they commit a crime they will unlikely to get caught. Since they believe that their crime will not be caught by a police officer, neighbors, parents, relatives, and homeowners, they will continue to commit crimes.Adolescents or delinquents look for specific safe places to commit their crimes and go undetected from certain types of guardians. Adolescents look around and see where there’s no movement around neighborhoods, where ho mes are left unattended and these become the easy targets for the offenders. In certain neighborhoods, where society is highly, there is more monitoring from guardians such as patrolling of officers, friends, family, and neighbors are less likely to be the target of their homes, and be burglarized, and broken into. Other types of capable guardians are video cameras, and alarm systems and help capture these offenders.Third, variable for routine activities theory would be motivated offender, in which adolescents are more highly motivated to commit a crime. They consist of mostly teenage boys, and unemployment. Motivated offenders select their targets based upon on the value, visibility and accessibility. Motivated offenders may choose not to break-in an unoccupied home, because the presence of a suitable target, because he feels that a guardian, such as a neighbor may spot him, captures him, or phone an officer. Another theory that is motivated in adolescents for them to commit a crim e would be general deterrence theory.General deterrence; â€Å"concept holds that the choice to commit delinquent’s acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment. † (Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005). Offenders will fear of committing crimes, if they know how severe the punishment may be, if they commit the crimes. General deterrence focusses on the prevention of crime and does not focus on the offender, but the offender receives punishment in the public eye or media in order to deter other citizens to commit crimes. As well, that general deterrence theory tries to reduce the probability of committing crimes in the general population. General deterrence results from the perception of the public that laws are enforced and that there is a risk of detection and punishment when laws are violated. † (www. sociologyindex. com) All these theories have a huge effect, routine activities theory and general deterrence theory is more important for adolescents to be aware of. For instance, general deterrence theory is effective for the public, because it shows the punishment of an offender may be and at times it can be severe, helping others not to commit the same crime or any other form of crimes.Routine activities theory are helpful, but needs more of it, for example, more patrolling officers, neighborhood watch committees, more camera surveillance, and more activates or programs for adolescents. Having these types of surveillance, might help reduce crime, because offenders would see that they are watched constantly, and might be afraid to be caught. References: Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005 www. sociologyindex. com

The Great Apostle Paul and the Law Essay - 2206 Words

The Great Apostle Paul and The Law Who is this Apostle Paul and why is he so important in the way we refer to the Law? The discovery of who Paul is seems to strike most new believers as surprising and refreshing. Giving them the ability to dig into part of the Bible’s past. Conclusions to these findings make the words of God comprehendible. Thus, the problem is not that there is something wrong with the Law; rather, what Paul criticizes is the wrong attitude toward the Law. (Koperski) Paul’s past is full of dark, sorrowful moments that evolve into a story of light, hope, and structure. The presence of the Lord helps Paul become one of the most known writers in the New Testament, the Holy Bible. His greatest contribution consists†¦show more content†¦John Drane makes an intriguing statement in his book Paul: Libertine or Legalist. He mentions that Paul’s writings weren’t written with the intentions of being read. Does this explain why Paul’s words are perplexing? (D rane) Galatians is a letter to the churches of Galatia. Purpose of the letter is to warn churches of deceptive teachers. It was also to argue that Gentile Christians did not have to take part in the Jewish Law. (Kuula) Paul wrote to remind them of the message of salvation. How to live in a way that follows the Lord and the Lord only. In attempts to understand his justification of the Law, it is important to identify the urgency of the letter. Judaizers were in constant movement to have Galatians repent against Paul. Paul’s battle was primarily with Judaizers and their attempts to pull Galatians from the ways of the Law and the Lord. They accused him of â€Å"watering down† his gospel in order to please a specific audience. According to Colin G. Kruse, he needed to prove both his independence and validity. Without the following of Galatians, how was he to teach the Law? (Kruse) Throughout the book of Galatians, Paul referees to circumcision on many occasions. The term of circumcision is not always to be taken literally. In the Jewish community, circumcision is a physical act of removing the foreskin around the penis. In accordance to the New Testament, it is â€Å"the feast of Circumcision of Chris†. (Oxford) ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Paul the Apostle663 Words   |  3 PagesPaul the Apostle is considered to be the most influential of the early members of the Christian church, along with Simon Peter and James the Just. Saint Paul is said to have been born around AD 5, and considered to have died about AD67, though the Bible does not record his death specifically. The epistles written by Paul to the churches were plainly and sharply worded. Pauls writings make up a good portion of the New Testament and demonstrate his position of prominence as an apostle of the earlyRead MoreThe Life And Writings Of Paul Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pag esThe life and writings of Paul Paul the Apostle, also known as Saul of Tarsus, is one of the most important figures in the New Testament. A man who dedicated his life into persecuting Christian later converted and became the person who wrote more books than any other writer in the New Testament (Picirilli 2). Paul did not start his life the same as the person he was at the end, he was neither a Christian nor a supporter of Christianity. The initial life of Paul was rugged and hard. He was raised asRead MoreSt. Peter Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesBiography of Saint Peter After Jesus, Saint Peter is the most known and quoted Apostle in the New Testament. He is mentioned 154 times with the nickname Petros, stone, rock, which is the Greek translation of the Aramaic name Jesus gave him directly, Kefa.  The name Simon is the Greek form adapted to his original Hebrew name, Simeon.   The call of Jesus   It took place on a day like any other day, while Peter was doingRead MoreChristianity And The Rise Of Christianity Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion as to how Christianity spread and to what extent did Jesus Christ and his apostles go through in order to gain followers. A major reason for the spread of Christianity was because people seeked comfort in the promise of the afterlife and found the need to preform charitable deeds euphoric. Jesus Christ founded Christianity which later on began to spread its meaning around the Roman Empire by his apostles. Jesus Christ was also born a Jew in about 7 B.C and almost all of his followers atRead More Apostle Paul Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesChrist. The apostle Paul, who once rejected Jesus Christ, later became one of the greatest men of God. In the history of the Christian church, he was the most significant missionary. He was faithful to the Lord and preached Jesus Christ and His crucifixion. Paul was a devoted missionary and he taught the gospel wherever he visited. This character study will focus on the life of Paul as a missionary and how he changed the course of world history. Lesson One: The Background of Paul I would likeRead MoreActs of the Apostles Essay examples1496 Words   |  6 PagesActs of the Apostles Chapter 1 This chapter deals with the ascension of Jesus to heaven as witnessed by his apostles. Shortly after the ascension, the eleven apostles set forth to Jerusalem where they discussed the need to replace Judas. They proposed Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also known as Justus, and a man named Matthias. They gave lots to them and the lot fell upon Matthias, and he became the replacement for Judas. Chapter 2 The coming of the Holy Spirit appears inRead MorePauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 PagesPAUL S THEOLOGY ON THE CHURCH __________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. Presley Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for NTS 3213 __________________ by Jin Hyun July 27, 2015 PAULS VIEW ON THE CHURCH Apostle Paul is one of the most beloved follower and author of 14 books in the New Testament. One of the most prominent teachings of Paul is regarding on the subject of the church. Not only did he write letters to churchRead MoreEssay on The Pauline Epistles I1141 Words   |  5 PagesTimothy had not met with much success and Paul wrote this letter to further his position in the first letter and to address concerns that arose out of his previous epistles. The second Letter to the Church at Corinth is the supplement of the first. It is due to the same circumstances which called out the first, and to the effects that were produced in the church at Corinth by the receipt of the first letter. (Johnson) Biblical times were not the age of great strides in communication. Letters wereRead MoreWhy Paul Is Considered Second to Jesus in Christianity - New Testament685 Words   |  3 PagesREL 201 – Intro to the New Testament Essay 4 Explain why Paul is often considered second only to Jesus in his contribution to Christianity. To understand Paul and why he is regarded so high as to be put only second to Jesus is bewildering to some. We must first though understand Pauls’ background and his overall divine message he is trying to portray to understand why he is regarded as he is. Paul, whom was born in Cilicia, was named also Saul which means â€Å"asked for†. He was broughtRead MoreBiography Of Paul And The Reasons For His Letters1598 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to write my exegetical paper on Philippians 3:12-21. Before writing this paper I was not entirely familiar with the life of Paul and the reasons for his letters. It was an interesting study once I understood the background and reasoning for Paul’s writings. Paul wrote Philippians while in prison. His priority was always on the advancement of Christ. He was completely unconcerned about his lack of comfort or the situation he was in while in prison. His thoughts were solely on the cause of

The United States And China - 2217 Words

The United States and China have had a long history of diplomatic relations in the past few hundred years. Their history can go as far back to when the U.S. was a newly founded country back in the late 18th century but within the past century, these two countries have faced more difficulties on what their governments see eye-to-eye over. Prior to World War II the relationship between the United States and China was neutral, and the two countries did not face a major change until the dispute between the Nationalists and Communists in the 1940’s. Initially, the United States tried to refrain from politically interfering too much in the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and Communists. Although this was the case, the U.S. began to†¦show more content†¦The Communist Party won clear victories throughout the rest of the war from this point on. Before Mao Zedong drove the Nationalists away from mainland, a U.S. ambassador at the time named John Leighton met with som e of the communist leaders to discuss the United States recognizing PRC, but these negotiations failed when the Chinese communist government leaned more with Soviet Russia (Neenan). When the People’s Republic of China was founded, the United States and China went through three period; containment, rapprochement, and full diplomatic relations. The containment period started in 1949 with the rise of the PRC until sometime around 1969. This period consisted of the United States trying to destabilize and weaken the Chinese communist government as the leaders in D.C. felt that China threatened the security of their noncommunist neighbors in the region. There were multiple military alliances that the U.S. created along China’s eastern and southern borders such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. And even in some instances, the U.S. would aid certain groups that were trying to fight off the Chinese military, such as what the CIA did for the Tibetan resistance in the mid 1950â €™s. Washington also encouraged their allies to refrain from entering into diplomatic relations with Beijing as well as prohibiting their own citizens from visiting the country. A short period of time after this, the United States also orchestrated an international embargo

The University Of Toronto And Sheridan - 1972 Words

Currently, my financial situation has left me feeling very constrained. Due to the workload and need to fully immerse myself in my studies, I am unable to work a full time or part time job. That is not to say that it is impossible, but I have spent my entire adult life striving for the best when it comes to academia. Seven years ago, I finished my studies at the University of Toronto and Sheridan (it was a joint BA/Diploma program) for Art and Art History. I spent the first two years balancing school life and a part-time job, and while my grades were above average, they did not reach the standard I had set for myself. Once I made the decision to only work during the summer breaks, and completely devote the rest of the year to school, my†¦show more content†¦I was able to finish ADSP without acquiring any debt. I know, realistically, I will acquire debt during my three year stay at George Brown for the American Sig Language (ASL) - English Interpreter Program (AEIP), and I kn ow that is completely normal for a student; however, I would like to have a debt that is as small and manageable as possible.†¨Currently, I live with my mother, so I have been able to avoid issues of having to pay downtown Toronto rent, as some of my classmates. I am aware that I have somewhat of an advantage, as my rent and my food expenses are not as high as some, but every time I have to rely on my mother for financial assistance, it breaks my heart. My mother is a retired widow, who lost her husband, my father, seven years ago, and ever since then, money has been tighter than it was prior to his passing. She has lowered my rent and my food expenses significantly in order to help me get through school with only having to work summer jobs. But even with her help, which has been tremendous, I still find myself constantly stressing over how I will buy my textbooks, GO transit, or how I will pay for voluntary lectures and presentations that we are not required to attend, but it is strongly recommended. Before I started AEIP, I always heard students joking about how impossible it is to work and go to school at the same time because of

Information Technology inTunstall Healthcare †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology inTunstall Healthcare. Answer: Introduction One of the mandatory and the must have elements for the companies and firms of the modern era is the Information Technology which is normally referred and abbreviated as IT. IT has become a significant and essential component which is the base for the business operations that are carried out. There are hundreds and millions of companies that are set up in numerous business sectors and areas. Few decades ago, these organizations used to work on the manual guidelines and the entire set of activities was manually done. With the introduction of IT, these practices saw a changeover and the manual processes began to be gradually replaced by automation. There are certain organizations that are completely based upon automation in the present times which has been made possible by IT. One of the business sectors that has made use of and implemented several IT components in its business is Healthcare. Need of IT in Business Australia is home to numerous organizations that have been set up and work in the field of healthcare. One of the most reputed organizations is Tunstall Healthcare. It is the organization that deals in to the health solutions and services and provides the same to the people of Australia. It also arranges for the medical tools and equipment as required by the people. When Tunstall was set up, there were lesser number of customers that were engaged with it and there were also fewer health conditions as compared to the present scenario. With the passage of time, Tunstall expanded its services which led to the growth in terms of the customer base. Also, there are newer health problems and conditions that the people now face and the need for healthcare is very significant. Due to these reasons it becomes necessary to have a strong IT base to deal with the customer traffic (Tunstallhealthcare, 2017). Tunstall does not deal with a single line of operation or only one category of service or activity. Rather, there are multiple business lines that run at once which makes it necessary to be done correctly. All of these tasks and requirements are accomplished with the involvement of IT. Importance of IT IT holds a lot of significance for each of the business process and activity that is associated and is carried out in Tunstall Healthcare. The numbers of customers that are linked and are associated with Tunstall are huge. These customers seek for the health services and solutions that are reliable and accurate and are also provided in a quick turnaround time. All of these qualities and expectations can only be met through IT tools and services. Apart from the medical services and activities, there are also other tasks that are completed by IT such as management of information, storage of information, maintenance of relationship with the customers, processing and tracking of medical supplies etc (Schubert, 2007). Use of IT in Business Gone are the days when the traditional services and practices such as obtaining an appointment from a doctor by visiting a medical clinic and standing in long queues to wait for the turn for consultation and diagnosis were present. The customers and the patients wish to obtain medical care sitting at home and wish to visit a hospital or a medical centre only when it is absolutely necessary. Bookings and reservations are also done in advance through automated systems. These services and abilities will be provided to Tunstall Healthcare only with the application of IT. Advancements in the field of medicine and healthcare are being made rapidly. These advancements are being done in the areas of development of drugs along with the predictive analysis in relation with the health condition of an individual. IT tools and applications are used and applied in both of these areas to ensure that the organization does not lag behind in terms of the technical developments and advancements. Tunstall Healthcare has been set up with the aim to provide advanced health services and solutions. It will be necessary for the organization to serve its customer well and to make sure that any of the queries and demands of the customers are easily and quickly met. These activities will be made possible with the use of IT through the tools such as customer relationship management. There are also analysis tools that are available to analyze the customer information for better results. Tunstall Healthcare manages and stores a wide variety of information. This information includes the various sets and categories such as critical and sensitive information along with patient details, details of the medical staff members, medical reports and records and a lot more. This information is critical in nature and it will be necessary to manage it efficiently. The task can be easily done through the application of IT tools. Any of the organizations cannot functional well if it does not include effective planning and estimations. The same holds true for Tunstall Healthcare as well. The automated IT tools will make sure that the planning along with tasks such as estimation of budget and its design is accurately done (Ogbomo, 2008). Benefits and Advantages of IT IT will make it possible for Tunstall to have all of its information at one place. In this manner, the staff members will be able to access the desired information quickly and the data will also be safe as there will be many copies of the data and information that will be created. The practice will lead to the overall improvement of information organization which will have positive impact on the service quality. The health solutions and services that are provided by Tunstall are increasing and upgrading every day. The IT tools will make it possible to introduce the elements of agility and flexibility in the organization processes and will make it possible to have systems that have good processing speed as well. The application and implementation of the IT tools will allow Tunstall to earn better profits and revenues. It is because of the reason that Tunstall will have better information managements and storage in place. Also, the services and solutions that will be provided will also be streamlined. In such a manner, the quality of the services that will be provided will be improved and also the availability will be improved. This will make it possible to have the better feedback from the customers. The revenues and profits will accordingly increase and move up the scale. Use and application of IT will ease the processes and the number of operations that are otherwise required to be carried out by the employees and members of staff. The employee satisfaction and engagement with the organization will therefore improve by considerable margins. Currently, there are many tasks and activities that are executed and carried out in Tunstall. Not all of these activities are essential. There are certain activities that are totally unnecessary as well. Application of IT will provide an opportunity to distinguish between such activities that are essential and the ones that are required to be discontinued. Risks and Concerns IT is a tool that can be powerful and useful if implemented correctly. However, it can bring in many disadvantages and errors if there are execution and occurrences of risks in association with IT. Information is the key in these conditions wherein the successful protection of information will allow the benefits and profits to be earned and vice versa (Deshpande, 2014). There are many properties of information and the sensitivity of the same further increases in case of health care. Health information cannot be handed over or allowed to be accessed by the entities that are not authorized to do so. There may be risks and errors that may be executed to various properties of the information. The impacts that may result out from these risks can be extremely severe depending upon the information class and category that has been affected. One of the essential properties of information is its confidentiality and the confidentiality of the health information is of prime importance and significance. However, it is negatively impacted by the execution of many attacks such as breaching, eavesdropping, spoofing, phishing etc. that may violate the information confidnetiality (Acs, 2016). The impacts that may result out from these risks can be extremely severe depending upon the information class and category that has been affected. One of the essential properties of information is its integrity and the integrity of the health information is of prime importance and significance. For instance, it will be a fatal error if the value of a particular health sign of an individual is different in the copies of the medical records of the same person at the same time. The entire organization will be put at stake due to such errors and risks and the same may be attempted by the attackers with an attempt to alter the information contents and properties. There is no choice or preference that may be given to the availability of the health information. The requirements to avail the health process may be demanded by the individual at any time and there may also be urgent and immediate requirements that may come up (Dsci, 2017). However, the attackers may target the information availability of the health data and services provided by Tunstall by introducing many of the flooding attacks. Management and Monitoring of IT It will be very essential to make sure that the IT tools and packages that are used and implemented in Tunstall are monitored correctly. Also, it will be essential to make sure that the management of these tools and processes is correctly and adequately done. Monitoring and management of IT refers to the processes that Tunstall and the leadership associated with the organization must carry out. There shall be regular steps that shall be executed to ensure that the IT processes are executed correctly. Many verification and validation steps shall therefore be initiated included the formal and informal review sessions, inspections and walkthroughs. One on one discussions with the system engineers shall also be made (Diplomacy, 2017). The IT tools that will be installed in the organization will be new in terms of their operations. The staff members may therefore cause some of the operational mistakes and it will be necessary to make sure that these operational mistakes are avoided. The organization shall therefore arrange for the training sessions for the staff members so that the errors are avoided. These training sessions and their effectiveness shall also be monitored by the senior management (Unidir, 2011). Many of the security risks and vulnerabilities that have been listed above shall be controlled and there shall be monitoring on the security maintenance and mechanisms that shall also be carried out. It may be possible that the IT tools and processes require upgrades to be installed which shall be done so that none of the security risks and attacks may take place. Also, the technical controls and logical measures shall also be taken to put a check on these occurrences (Fireye, 2016). Conclusion IT is a mandate for the organizations and agencies set up in the current era. Tunstall Healthcare is the organization that deals in to the health solutions and services and provides the same to the people of Australia. It also arranges for the medical tools and equipment as required by the people. When Tunstall was set up, there were lesser number of customers that were engaged with it and there were also fewer health conditions as compared to the present scenario. With the passage of time, Tunstall expanded its services which led to the growth in terms of the customer base. Also, there are newer health problems and conditions that the people now face and the need for healthcare is very significant. Due to these reasons it becomes necessary to have a strong IT base to deal with the customer traffic. There are many properties of information and the sensitivity of the same further increases in case of health care. Health information cannot be handed over or allowed to be accessed by th e entities that are not authorized to do so. It brings up several risks and occurrences that may be executed by the attackers. These risks shall be controlled by adequate measures. References Acs (2016). Cybersecurity Threats Challenges Opportunities. [online] Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-publications/ACS_Cybersecurity_Guide.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Deshpande, V. (2014). Cyber Security: Strategy to Security Challenges- A Review. [online] Available at: https://www.ijeit.com/Vol%203/Issue%209/IJEIT1412201403_47.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Diplomacy (2017). Cybersecurity: Issues, Actors and Challenges. [online] Available at: https://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files/Cybersecurity_briefing_note_final.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Dsci (2017). Cyber Security Challenges | Data Security Council of India. [online] Dsci.in. Available at: https://www.dsci.in/taxonomypage/241 [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Fireeye (2016). Cybersecurity Challenges, Risks, Trends, and Impacts: Survey Findings. [online] Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/whitepapers/Cybersecurity-Challenges-Survey-Findings.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Ogbomo, M. (2008). Importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Making a Heathy Information Society: A Case Study of Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, Monday Obaidjevwe Ogbomo, Esoswo Francisca Ogbomo. [online] Webpages.uidaho.edu. Available at: https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ogbomo2.htm [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Schubert, P. (2007). Importance and Use of Information Technology in Small and Medium Sized Companies. [online] Taylor Francis. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10196780601136799 [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Tunstallhealthcare (2017). Tunstall Healthcare. [online] Tunstallhealthcare.com.au. Available at: https://www.tunstallhealthcare.com.au/ [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Unidir (2011). Challenges in Cybersecurity Risks, Strategies, and Confidence-Building. [online] Available at: https://www.unidir.org/files/medias/pdfs/conference-report-eng-0-373.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2017].